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ORGANIZATION AND SESSIONAL BUSINESS OF 
THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CON- 
GRESS, WASHINGTON. U. S. A.. 1908 ^ ^ ^ 



From BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES, Volume' XXVIII, 1908 




WASHINGTON :::::: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 



ORGANIZATION AND SESSIONAL BUSINESS OF 
THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CON- 
GRESS, WASHINGTON, U. S. A., 1908 ^ ^ ^ 

From BULLETIN OF THl-: KURKAF OF FISHKRIFIS, Volume XXVIH, 190S 




WASHINGTON 



GOVKRNMENT PRINTING OFFICli 



;o^' 



BUREAU OF nSHERIES DOCUMENT NO. 726 
Issued April, 1910 



^ 



\\i\0 



ORGANIZATION AND SESSIONAL BUSINESS OF THE FOURTH 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS 



Held at Washington. U. S. A., September 22 to 26, 1908 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 

WASHINGTON, U. S. A.. 1908. 

ORGANIZATION. 

OFFICERS. 

Honorary President. 
THEODORE ROOSEVELT, President of the United States. 



HERMON C. BUMPUS, Director of the American Museum of Natural History, New 
York. 

Vice-Preside nts. 

P. P. C. HOEK, Scientific Fishery Adviser of the Dutch Government, Harlem, Netherlands. 

HEINRICH VON KADICH, Councillor of Administration of the Imperial Department 
of Forestry and Domain, Vienna, Austria. 

RADLER DE AQUINO, Lieutenant in the Brazilian Navy and Naval Attache of the 
Brazilian Embassy at Washington. 

EDWARD E. PRINCE, Commissioner of Fisheries of the Dominion of Canada, 
Ottawa, Canada. 

WEI-CHING W. YEN, Second Secretary of the Imperial Chinese Legation at Wash- 
ington. 

RAMON BENGOECHEA, Consul-General of the Republic of Guatemala to the United 
States, New York. 

DECIO VINCIGUERRA, Director of the Royal Fish-cultural Station, Rome, Italy. 

TASAKU KITAHARA, Member of the Imperial Fisheries Bureau of the Department 
of Agriculture and Commerce, Tokyo, Japan. 

JOSE; F. GODOY, charge d'Affaircs ad interim of the Mexican Embassy at Washington. 

ROBERT E. COKER, lately Fishery Expert of the Peruvian Government, Lima, Peru. 

GREGOIRE ANTIPA, Inspector-General of Fisheries of the Kingdom of Roumania, 
Bucharest, Roumania. 

OSCAR FRITIOF NORDOVIST, Superintendent of Swedish Fisheries, Lund, Sweden. 

O. T. OLSEN, Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, Grimsby, England. 

WALTHER NAUMANN, Member of the German Fisheries Society, Lipsa, near 
Ruhland, Germany. 

RICHARD RATHBUN, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Wash- 
ington. 

Secretary-General. 

HUGH M. SMITH, United Stales Deputy Commissioner of Fisheries, Washington. 



4 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF .FISHERIES. 

Local Committee of Organization. 

Chairman, George M. Bowers, United States Commissioner of Fisheries. 
Secretary, H. F. MooRE, Scientific Assistant, United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

Alvix B. Alexander, Chief of Division of Statistics and Methods of the Fisheries, 
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 

Job Barnard, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. 

Charles J. Bell, President of American Security and Trust Company. 

Scott C. Bone, Editor of The Washington Herald; Chairman of Subcommittee on 
Publicity. 

Wilbur J. Carr, Chief Clerk of Department of State. 

Irving H. Dunlap, Chief Clerk of United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

Barton W. Everm.\nx, Chief of Division of Scientific Inquiry, United States Bureau of 
Fisheries. 

Theodore Gill, Honorary Associate in Zoology, Smithsonian Institution. 

George E. Hamilton, President of Capital Traction Company. 

Walter S. Harban, President of Game and Fish Protective Association of the District 
of Columbia. 

Rudolph Kauffman, Editor of The Evening Star. 

William LoEb, jr., Secretary to the President of the United States. 

Edward McLean, Secretary and Treasurer of The Washington Post. 

Clarence F. Norment, President of National Bank of \\'ashington ; President of 
Washington Electric Railway Company. 

Theodore S. Palmer, Bureau of Biological Survey, Department of Agriculture. 

Daniel Moore Ransdell, Sergeant-at-Arms, United States Senate. 

Richard R.^Thbun, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution; Chairman 
of Subcommittee on Exhibits. 

W. de C. R.wenel, Administrative Assistant, United States National Museum, 

CuNO H. Rudolph, President of Washington Board of Trade. 

J. H. Small, jr., Vice-President of Washington Board of Trade. 

Hugh M. Smith, Deputy United States Commissioner of Fisheries. 

Edw.\rd J. Stellwagen, President of Union Trust Company. 

Richard Sylvester, Superintendent of Police; Warden of Game and Fish Protect- 
ive Association of the District of Columbia; Chairman of Subcommittee on Enter- 
tainment. 

Henry Talbott, \'ice-President of Game and Fish Protective Association of the 
District of Columbia. 

John W. Titcomb, Chief of Division of Fish Culture, United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

Henry L. West, Commissioner of the District of Columbia; Chairman of Subcom- 
mittee on Reception. 

William P. Young, Secretary-Treasurer of Game and Fish Protective Association of 
the District of Columbia. 



MEMBERS. 



CLASSIFICATION. 



I. Delegates from United States Government. 

II. Delegates from foreign governments. 

III. Delegates from foreign societies and organizations. 

IV'. Delegates from American states and territories. 

\'. Delegates from American societies and organizations. 

VI. Other members. 

I. DELEGATES FROM UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 



United States Government at Large. 

Hon. William R. Wheeler, Assistant Secretary of 
Commerce and Labor, Washington, D. C. 

Hon. George .VL Bowers, Commissioner of Fish 
and Fisheries, Washington, D. C. 

Dr. Hermon C. Bumpus, Director .American 
Museum of Natural History, New York, New 
York. 

Dr. David S. Jordan, International Fishery Com- 
missioner, Stanford University, California. 

Dr. Richard Rathbun, Assistant Secretary Smith- 
sonian Institution; member of Permanent Com- 
mission of International Fishery Congresses, 
Washington, D. C. 

Dr. Hugh M. Smith, Deputy Commissioner of 
Fisheries; member of Permanent Commission 
of International Fishery Congresses, Washing- 
ton, D. C. 

United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

Alvin B. Alexander, Chief of Division of Statistics 
and Methods of the Fisheries, Washington, D. C. 

Henry D. Aller, Director United States Fisheries 
Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina. 

Charles G. Atkins, Superintendent Fisheries Sta- 
tion, East Orland, Maine. 

Hector von Bayer, .\rchitect and Engineer, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

Ward T. Bower, Fish Culturist, Washington, D. C. 

Frank .\. Clark, Superintendent Fisheries Station, 
Nnrthville, Michigan. 

Irving H. Dunlap, Chief Clerk, Washington. D. C. 



J. Frank Ellis, Superintendent Car and Messenger 
Service. Washington, D. C. 

Dr. Barton W. Evermann, Chief of Division of 
Scientific Inquiry, Washington, D. C. 

.Ansley Hall, Head Fishery Clerk, Washington, 
D. C. 

Dr. Henry F. Moore, Scientific Assistant, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

John J. Stranahan, Superintendent Fisheries Sta- 
tion, BuUochville, Georgia. 

Dr. Francis B. Sumner, Director Fisheries Labor- 
atory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 

John W. Titcomb, Chief of Division of Fish Cul- 
ture, Washington, D. C. 

Smithsonian Institution. 

Dr. Theodore .\. Gill, Honorary Associate in 

Zoology, Washington, D. C. 
Dr. Frederick W. True, Head Curator, Department 

of Biology, \\'ashington, D. C. 

United States National Museum. 
William de C. Ravenel, Administrative Assistant, 

Washington, D. C. 
Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, Curator, Washington, 
D. C. 

Navy Department. 
Rear-.4dmiral George W. Baird, U. S. 



Navy, 
Navy, 



retired, Washington, D. C. 
Medical Director James M. Flint, U. S. 

retired, Washington, D. C. 
Commander Robert Piatt, U. S. Navy, retired, 

Washington, D. C. 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES 
Department of Acricvlture. 



Dr. Brayton H. Ransom, Chief of Zoological Divi- 
sion, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, 
D.C. 

Treasury Department. 



Dr. Theodore S. Palmer, Assistant in Charge of 

Game Preservation, Bureau of Biological Survey, 

Washington, D. C. Dr. Joseph Goldberger, Passed Assistant Surgeon, 

Hon. Gifford Pincliot, Chief Forester, Forest Public Health and ^rarine-Hospital Service, 

Service, Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C. 



II. DELEG.\TES FROM FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS. 



Austria. 

Dr. Heinrich von Kadich, Councilor of Adminis- 
tration, Department of Forestry and Domain, 
Vienna. 

Brazil. 

Lieut. Radler de Aquino, Naval Attach^, Brazilian 
Embassy, Washington, D. C. 



Chevalier Guido Rossati, representing the Ministry 
of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce. 

JAPA.V. 

Dr. Tasaku Kitahara, Imperial Fisheries Bureau of 
the Department of Agriculture and Commerce, 
and Imperial Fisheries Institute, Tokyo. 



Prof. Edward E. Prince, Do 
of Fisheries, Ottawa. 

China. 

Mr. Chang Po-ling, Tientsin. 
Mr. Chang Wen-ting, Shanghai. 
Mr. Chen Chu-kang, Shanghai. 
Mr. King Kwai-fung, Canton. 
Mr. Kuo Feng-ming, Shanghai. 
Mr. Li Chin-hsiang, Tientsin. 

Dr. Wei-ching \^■. Yen, Second Secretan,- Imperial 
Chinese Legation, Washington, D. C. 

Ecuador. 

Senor Don Esteban F. Carbo, Attache, Legation of 
Ecuador, Washington, D. C. 



Dr. Ramon Bengoechea, Consul-General of Guate- 
mala, New York Citv. 



Lieut. Charles Ptisier, Naval Attache, Italian 
Embassy, representing the Ministrv- of the Navy. 



Commissioner 1 "°°- J°^ F. Godoy, Charge d' Affaires ad interim 
Mexican Embassy, Washington, D. C. 



Netherlands. 



Dr. P. P. C. Hoek, Scientific Fishery Ad%-iser of 
Dutch Government, Harlem. 



New Ze.\l.\nd. 



Mr. H. Stephenson Smith, Agent of the New Zea- 
land Government, San Francisco, California. 



Dr. Robert E. Coker, lately Fishery Expert of 
Peru\-ian Government, Lima. 



Prof. Dr. Gregoire Antipa, Inspector-General of 

Fisheries, Bucharest. 
Madame Alina Antipa, Bucharest. 



Dr Oscar Fritiof Nordqvist, Superintendent of 
Swedish Fisheries, Lund. 



III. DELEG.\TES FROM FOREIGN SOCIETIES AND ORGANIZATIONS. 



Imperial and Roval .Austrian Fisheries 
Society. 



Mr. Franz von Pirko, President 
Vienna, Austria. 



Office of Docu.ment.\tion for 
the Fisheries. 



Mr. Marcel de Contr 
gium. 



s. Director, Brussels, Bel- 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 



Bermuda Nati-rai, History Society. 

Dr. E. L. Mark, Director Biological Station, Ham- 
ilton, Bermuda. 

Mr. Louis L. Mowbray, Curator to Natural History 
Society, Hamilton, Bermuda. 

Royal Geographical Society. 
Mr. O. T. CMsen, Grimsby, England. 

German Fisheries Society. 
Dr. Walther Naumann, Lipsa near Ruhland, Ger- 
many. 
Mr. Fr. Ziemsen, Vierreggenhof near Wismar, Ger- 
many. 

German- Society of Anglers and Nbtherland 
Recl.^mation Society. 

Baron J. A. Boreel de Mauregnault, Alphen, Hol- 
land. 



Prof. Dr. Decio \'inciguerra. Secretary of the Society 
and Director of the Royal Fish-cultural Station, 
Rome, Italy. 

Society for the Promotion of Norwegian- 
Fisheries. 

Mr. M. Barclay, Editor of " Norsk Fiskeritidende," 
Conservator of the Fishery Museum, Bergen, 
Norway. 

Ontario Forest, Fish, and Game Protective 
Association. 

Mr. A. Kelly Evans, Secretary-Treasurer of the 
Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 



IV. DELEGATES FROM AMERICAN STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



Alabama. 

Col. T. T. Ashford, Birmingham. 
George P. Jones, Florence. 
William Lackey, Dadesville. 
Daniel Pratt, Prattsville. 

John H. Wallace, jr., State Game and Fish Com- 
missioner, Montgomery. 



James T. Barron, President and Manager Thlinket 

Packing Company, Portland, Oregon. 
C. W. Dorr, Vice-President and General Counsel 



Colorado. 

David E. Farr, Commissioner (jf Game and Fish, 

Denver. 
Miss Minnie P. Farr, Denver. 
William S. Kincaid, General Superintendent of 

State Hatcheries, Denver. 

Connecticut. 

John H. Clark, New Haven. 

John M. Crampton, New Haven. 

E. Hart Geer, Secretary Department of Fish and 

Game, Lyme. 
Alaska Packers' Association, San Francisco, Call- George T. Mathewson, President Department of 

Fish and Game, Enfield. 
Henry C. Rowe, President Connecticut Oyster 

Growers' Association, New Haven. 
Christian Svvartz, Member of Shellfish Commission, 

Nor walk. 
George C. Waldo, Member of Shellfish Commission, 

Bridgeport. 

Delaware 

Alexander Cooper, Wilmington. 
Louis A. Drexler, Bethany Beach. 
Dr. C. R. Layton, Georgetown. 
Charles J. LufI, Wyoming. 

Dr. Evan G. Shortledge, State Commissioner of 
Fisheries, Wilmington. 



fornia. 
M. G. Munly, Secretary Thlinket Packing Com- 
pany, Portland, Oregon. 

California. 

Charles L. Paige, Shasta. 

F. W. ^'an Sicklen, State Fish Commissioner, San 

Francisco. 
Hon. William R. Wheeler, Assistant Secretary of 

Commerce and Labor, Washingttm, D. C. 

Canal Zone. 

H. D. Reed, Executive Secretary, Ancon. 
T. M. Cooke, Collector of Customs, Ancon. 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



District of Colombia. 

Dr. \V. S. Harban, Washington. 
Richard Sylvester, Washington. 
Justice D. T. Wright, Washington. 
Dr. H. C. Yarrow, Washington. 
Dr. William P. Young, Washington. 

Florida. 

John Y. Detwiler, Honorary Commissioner of Fish- 
eries, New Smyrna. 
T. E. Wells, Pensacola. 

Georgia. 

.\. T. Dallis, State Superintendent of Fisheries, 

Lagrange. 
Donald Fraser, Hinesville. 
J. W. Hughes, Ludowici. 
L. R. Massengale, Warrenton. 
H. Y. McCord, Atlanta. 



.Martin Gam, Sugar City. 

William N. Stephens, State Fish and Game War- 
den, Boise. 
William Van lorns, Hagerman. 



W. W. .\itchison, Chicago. 

X. H. Cohen, President State Board of Fish Com- 
missioners, Urbana. 
Claudius Conant, Chicago. 
Capt. Richard Smith, Waukegan. 
Waller G. Robbins, Chicago. 

Indiana. 

E. E. Earle, Chief Deputy Commissioner of Fish- 
eries and Game, Indianapolis. 

Z. T. Sweeney, Commissioner of Fisheries and 
Game, Columbus. 

Iowa. 

George A. Lincoln, State Fish and Game Warden, 

Cedar Rapids. 
George McCartney, Des Moines. 
L. B. Peterson, Spirit Lake. 
John G. Smith, Algona. 
E. F. Wilson, Okoboji. 

Maine. 

James Donahue, State Commissioner of Sea and 

Shore Fisheries, Rockland. 
T. E. Libbv, Vinal Haven. 



■ Marvxand. 

B. Howard Hamaa, Baltimore. 
Francis V. King, Leonardtown. 
George Dobbin Penniman, Baltimore. 
Joseph E. Spencer, Lapidum 
William A. Stewart, Crisfield " 
Edward C. Wilson, Northeast. 

Mass.\chusetts. 

Dr. George W. Field, Chairman Commissioners of 
Fisheries and Game, Boston. 

Michigan. 

C. E. Ainsworth, Sault Sle. .Marie. 
August J. .\nderson, Marquette. 
C. E. Brewster, Grand Rapids. 

F. S. Burgess, Detroit. 
H. J. Dornbos, Grand Haven. 
W. P. Kavanagh, Bay City. 
Dwight Lydell, Grand Rapids. 

Minnesota. 

Carlos Avery, E-xecutive .\gent State Board of 
Game and Fish Commissioners, St. Paul. 

Samuel F. FuUerton, Board of Game and Fish 
Commissioners, St. Paul. 

John H. Grill, Board of Game and Fish Commis- 
sioners, .Sherburn. 

Robert Hannah, Board of Game and Fish Com- 
missioners, Fergus Falls. 

O. J. Johnson, Board of Game and Fish Commis- 
sioners, Glenwood. 

Joseph H. Wessel, Board of Game and Fish Coni- 
sioners, Crookston. 

Mississippi. 

Hon. John M. Allen, Tupelo. 

Hon. E. J. Bowers, House of Representatives, 

Washington. 
F. S. Hewes, Jr., Gulfport. 
Frank Lewis, Scranton. 

.Missouri 

Robert E. DeWitt, St. Joseph. 

John Gable, Member of State Fish Commission, 

Browning. 
William H. Hughes, \'ice-President State Fish 

Commission, St. Louis. 
Richard Porter, President State Fish Commission, 

Paris. 
J. M. Shortal, Secretary State Fish Commission, 

St. Louis. 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 



J. B. Annin, Columbus. 
Dr. D. J. Donohue, Glendive. 
M. P. Gilchrist, Butte. 
William B. Rhoades, Kalispell. 
William H. Young, Helena. 

Nebraska. 

W. J. O'Brien, Superintendent of Hatcheries, State 

Game and Fish Commission, Gretna. 
Prof. Henry B. Ward, University of Nebraska, 
Lincoln. 

Nevada. 
Jean Allison, Ely. 

George T. Mills, Chairman Nevada Fish Commis- 
sion, Carson. 

New Mexico. 

W. E. Griffin, Santa Fe. 

A. L. Hobbs, Raton. 

H. \V. Kelly, Las Vegas. 
P. B. Otero, Santa Fe. 
Harry Sims, Pecos. 
W. B. Walton, Silver City. 

New York. 

Dr Tarleton H. Bean, State Fish Culturist, 
Albany. 

Dr. Hermon C. Bumpus, Director of American 
Museum of Natural History, New York City. 

George B. Grinnell, Editor of Forest and Stream, 
New York City. 

George E. Jennings, Editor of The Fishing Gazette, 
New Y'ork City. 

J. S. Whipple, State Forest, Fish, and Game Com- 
missioner, Salamanca. 

C. H. Wilson, Glens Falls. 

B. Frank Wood, Superintendent of Shell Fisheries, 
Jamaica. 

North Carolina. 

J. C. B. Eringhaus, Elizabeth City. 

George N. Ives, Newbern. 

Theodore S. Meekins, State Fish Commissioner, 

Manteo. 
Dr. Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, Chapel 

Hill. 
Joseph F. Tayloe, Washington. 
Frank Wood, Edenton. 

Ohio. 

Dr. D. W. Greene, Member of State Fish and Game 
Commission, Dayton. 



George W. McCook, Member of State Fish and 
Game Commission, Steubenville. 

Paul North, President State Fish and Game Com- 
mission, Cleveland. 

Thomas B. Paxton, Member of State Fish and 
Game Commission, Cincinnati. 

J. F. Rankin, Member of State Fish and Game 
Commission, South Charleston. 

Oklahoma. 

Robert Lowry, Stillwater. 

Eugene Watrous, State Game and Fish Warden, 
Enid. 

Oregon. 

H. C. McAllister, Master Fish Warden, Salem. 

Pennsylvania. 

Henry Hinrichs, Erie. 

W. A. Leisenring, Member of Department of Fish- 
eries, Mauch Chunk. 

W. E. Meehan, Commissioner of Fisheries, Harris- 
burg. 

John E. Reynolds, Meadville. 

Marion G. Sellers, Philadelphia. 

Rhode Island. 

Henry T. Root, President Commission of Inland 
Fisheries, Providence. 

Charles W. Willard, Commissioner of Inland Fish- 
eries, Westerly. 

Dr. A. D. Mead, Commissioner of Inland Fisheries, 
Providence. 

W. P. Morton, Secretary Commission of Inland 
Fisheries, Providence. 

W. H. Boardman, Commissioner of Inland Fish- 
eries, Central Falls. 

A. D. Roberts, Commissioner of Inland Fisheries, 
Woonsocket. 

South Carolina. 

L. M. Gasque, Marion. 
George S. Mower, Newberry. 
J. M. Rhett, Beaufort. 

South Dakota. 

George V. Ayers, Deadwood. 

D. C. Booth, Spearfish. 

Dr. R. W. Calkins, Deadwood. 
1 Charles E. Deland, Pierre. 
I Prof. Robert L. Slagle, Brookings. 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



Tennessee. 

George B. Campbell, Johnson City. 
T. S. Hutchinson, Nashville. 
Felix Moore, Union City. 
N. G. Robertson, Lebanon. 
Hugh Williams, Bolivar. 

Tex.-vs. 

J. C. Canty, Galveston. 
R. W. Lowrance, Austin. 
R. H. Wood, Rockport. 

\'ERMONT. 

Charles Downer, Sharon. 
Maxwell Evarts, Windsor. 
J. F. Flint, Burlington. 
C. A. Gale, Rutland. 

Henry G. Thomas, Commissioner of Fish and 
Game, Stowe. 

VlRGINI.ii. 

Lewis Femste'n, Norfolk. 

Dr. Frank Fletcher, Jenkins Bridge. 

George P. Squires, Ocran. 

James N. Stubbs, Woods Crossroads. 

Washington. 
Frank N. Fitzgerald, Seattle. 
Miller Freeman, Editor of Pacific Fisherman 

Seattle. 
T. J. Gorman, Colman Building, Seattle. 
W. F. Robinson, Anacortes. 

West Virgini.\. 
Isaac N. Arnold, Mound. 
L. C. Crile, Clarksburg. 
Thomas M. Darrah, Wheeling. 



Franz A. Degler, Elkins. 

J. A. de Gruyter, Charleston. 

Henry Gilmer, Lewisburg. 

Dr. J. \. Hahan, Charleston. 

J. H. Marcum, State Game and Fish Warden, 

Huntington. 
Col. J. H. McDermott, Morgantown. 

E. M. McPeak, Fayetteville. 

F. H. Merrick, Huntington. 
Andrew Price, Marlinton. 
Calvin W. Price, Marlinton. 
Anton Reymann, Wheeling. 

Robert K. Robinson, White Sulphur Springs. 

Frank S. Smith, Parkersburg. 

George E. Stifel, Wheeling. 

William R. Stoops, Wheeling. 

Hon. George C. Sturgiss, House of Representatives, 

Washington, D. C. 
C. L. Topping, Charleston. 
Col. Robert Williamson, Huntington. 

Wisconsin. 

Jabe Alford, Commissioner of Fisheries, Madison. 

Prof. E. A. Birge, Commissioner of Fisheries, 
Madison. 

Neal Brown, Wausau. 

James H. Jenkins, Oshkosh. 

James Nevin, Superintendent Commission of 
Fisheries, Madison. 

George F. Peabody, Appleton. 

J. W. Stone, State Fish and Game Warden, Madi- 
son. 

Wyoming. 

C. W. Morgareidge, Superintendent of State 

Hatcheries, Wolf. 
Theodore Tregoning, Laramie. 



V. DELEG.\TES FROM .AMERICAN SOCIETIES AND ORG.\NIZ.ATIOXS. 



Glovcester, M.\ss.achu- 

ETTS. 



John J. Pew, Gloucester, Massachusetts. 

Bo.ARD OK Tr.ade of W.\shington, D. C. 



American Fisheries Society. Bo.-^rd or Tr 

Seymour Bower, Superintendent Michigan Fish 

Commission, Detroit, Michigan. 
James Cruickshank, New York City, New York. 
Dr. James A. Henshall, Superintendent U. S. Fish 

eries Station, Bozeman, Montana. 
H. F. Huribut, Fish Culturist, East Freetown, Henry L. West, Washington, D. C. 

Massachusetts. Charles J. Bell, Washington, D. C. 

Edwin A. Newman, Washington, D. C. Scott C. Bone, Washington, D. C. 

Americ^^n Microscopical Society. I Clarence F. Norment, Washington, D. C 

Prof. Henry B. Ward, University of Nebraska, I 
Lincoln, Nebraska. I 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 



Carnegie Institution of Washington, Depart- 
ment OF Experimental Evolution. 

Dr. Charles B. Davenport, Director of the Labora- 
tory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York. 

Chamber of Commerce, \Vashington, D. C. 

Thomas W. Smith, Washington, D. C. 
Julius Garfinkle, Washington, D. C. 
D. S. Porter, Washington, D. C. 
Thomas C. Noyes, Washington, D. C. 
William F. Gude, Washington, D. C. 

District of Columbia Fish and Game Protect- 
ive Association. 

Dr. William P. Young, Washington, D. C. 

Dr. Theodore S. Palmer, Bureau of Biological 
Survey, Department of Agriculture, Washing- 
ton, D. C. 

Henry Talbott, Interstate Commerce Commission, 
Washington, D. C. 

Dr. W. S. Harban, Washington. D. C. 

Richard Sylvester, Washington, D. C. 

Field Museum of Natural History. 

Dr. Seth E. Meek, Chicago, Illinois. 

League of American Sportsmen. 

Maj. R. R. Raymond, U. S. Army, Washington, 
D. C. 

Maryland Fish and Game Protective Associa- 
tion. 

Oregon Milton Dennis, Baltimore, Maryland. 

National Association of Scientific .\ngling 
Clubs. 

Dr. R. Johnson Held, New York City, New York. 
H. Wheeler Perce, President of the Association, 
Chicago, Illinois. 

National Association of Audubon Societies 
for the Protection of Wild Birds and Ani- 
mals. 

William Dutcher, President, New York City, New- 
York. 

T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary, Greensboro, North 
Carolina. 



National Association of Game and Fish War- 
dens and Commissioners. 

Carlos Avery, Executive Agent Minnesota Game 

and Fish Commission, St. Paul, Minnesota. 
W. F. Scott, President National Association of 

Game and Fish Wardens and Commissioners, 

Helena, Montana. 
Charles A. Vogelsang, Chief Deputy California 

Game and Fish Commission, San Francisco, 

California. 

New England Forest, Fish, and Game Asso- 

CI.\TION. 

Richard E. Follett, Boston. 
Bayard Thayer, Boston. 
Hon. Herbert Parker, Boston. 

New York Zoological Society. 

Charles H. Townsend, Director of the New York 
Aquarium, New York City. 



Pennsylvania Fish Protective Association. 

Marion G. Sellers, Philadelphia. 
William E. Meehan, Harrisburg. 
E. D. Hemingway, Philadelphia. 
Joseph Johnson, Philadelphia. 

Philadelphia Aquarium Society. 

Dr. Herman Burgin, President of the vSociety 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
Herman T. Wolf, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 



Tuna Club, Avalon, Cf 

Charles F. Holder, President, Pasadena, California. 

University of Nebraska. 

Prof. Henry B. Ward, Dean of the College of Medi- 
cine and Head Professor of Zoology, Lincoln, 
Nebraska. 

West Virginia Fish and Game Protective 
Association. 

L. C. Crile, Clarksburg. 
Andrew Price, Marlinton. 
E. M. McPeak, Fayetteville. 
Anton Reymann, Wheeling. 
George E. Stifel, Wheeling. 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



VI. OTHER MEMBERS. 



Dr. Carl L. Alsberg, Associate Professor of Zoology, 
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

Dr. R. Anthony, Museum of Natural History, 
Paris, France. 

L. F Ayson, Chief Inspector of Fisheries, Welling- 
ton, New Zealand. 

John P. Babcock, Deputy Commissioner of Fish- 
eries of British Columbia, Victoria, British Co- 
lumbia. 

O. N. Baldwin, U. S. Fisheries Station, Leadville, 
Colorado. 

Dr. S. P. Bartlett, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries 
Station, Quincy, Illinois. 

Prof. Dr. Arthur Bellini, Coramachio, Italy. 

Dr. Marcus Benjamin, Editor, U. S. National Mu- 
seum, Washington, D. C. 

Guiseppe Besana, Lombardy Society of Fishing 
and Aquiculture, Milan, Italy. 

Hayes Bigelow, Member American Fisheries So- 
ciety, Brattleboro, \'ermont. 

H. C. Bliss, Alaska Packers' Association, San Fran- 
cisco, California. 

Nicholas Borodine lately Chief Specialist in Fish 
Culture, Department of Agriculture, St. Peters- 
burg, Russia 

G. M. Brown, State Fish Commissioner, Detroit, 
Michigan. 

W. O. Buck, U. S. Fisheries Station, Grand Lake 
Stream, Maine. 

H. M. BuUer, State Fish Hatchery, Bellefonte, 
Pennsylvania. 

E. N. Carter, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries Sta- 
tion, St. Johnsbury, Vermont. 

E. S. Casselman, Kamp Kill Kare, Raquette Lake, 
New York. 

Eugene Catte, Langdon, Kansas. 

John K. Cheyney, Member American Fisheries So- 
ciety, Tarpon Springs, Florida. 

Theodore M. Cogswell, U. S. Bureau of F'isheries, 
Washington, D. C. 

R. J. Conway, Director of Belle Isle Aquarium, 
Detroit, Michigan. 

Dr. Jules Cotte, Station of Marine Zoology, En- 
doume, France. 

Prof. W. C. Curtis, University of Missouri, Colum- 
bia, Missouri. 

Capt. G. M. Dannevig, Director Marine Fish- 
Hatching Station, Arendal, Norway. 

H. D. Dean, U. S. Fisheries Station, Neosho, Mis- 
souri. 

Dr. Frederick W. D' Evelyn, Alameda, California. 



N. T. DePauw, Waverley Farms, Hay market, Vir- 
ginia. 

A. H. Dinsmore, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries 
Station, Baker, Washington. 

S. W. Downing, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries 
Station, Put-in Bay, Ohio. 

Dr. Irving A. Field, Western Maryland College, 
Westminster, Maryland. 

John D. Figgins, American Museum of Natural 
History, New York City. 

Karl Flegel, Member Imperial and Royal Austrian 
Fisheries Society, Vienna, Austria. 

Prof. Joliann Franke, Laibach, Austria. 

Dwight Franklin, American Museum of Natural 
History, New York City. 

Charles E. Fryer, Secretary of Board of Agriculture 
and Fisheries, London, England. 

Alfred E. Fuller, U. S. Fisheries Station, North- 
ville, Michigan. 

Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton, Aberdeen, Scotland. 

J. J. Glennan, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing- 
ton, D. C. 

H. D. Goodwin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 

Chester K. Green, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries 
Station, Cape Vincent, New York. 

Prof. Frederic P. Gorham, Brown University, 
Providence, Rhode Island. 

Dr. E. W. Gudger, State Normal and Industrial 
College, Greensboro, North Carolina. 

L. G. Harron, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries Sta- 
tion, Washington, D. C. 

Walter E. Hathaway, White Stone, Virginia. 

Prof. Dr. Bruno Hofer, Royal Bavarian Biological 
Research Station for Fisheries, Munich, Ger- 
many. 

Henry Holt, Publisher, New York City. 

Dr. F. M. Johnson, Member American Fisheries 
Society, Boston, Massachusetts. 

R. S. Johnson, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries Sta- 
tion, Manchester, Iowa. 

A. G. Keesecker, Superintendent U. vS. Fisheries 
Station, Ervvin, Tennessee. 

Dr. WiUiam C. Kendall, Scientific Assistant, U. S. 
Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. 

Dr. George Frederick Kunz, with Tiffany & Co., 
New York City. 

G. H. Lambson, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries 
Station, Baird, California. 

Charles Lay, Sandusky, Ohio. 

John L. Leary, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries Sta- 
tion, San Marcos, Texas. 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 



13 



Prof. George Lefevre, I'niversity of Missouri, Co- 
lumbia, Missouri. 

Prof. Edwin Linton, Washington and Jefferson 
College, Washington, Pennsylvania. 

E. F. Locke, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries Sta- 
tion, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 

Samuel Lovejoy, U. S. Fisheries Station, Bulloch- 
ville, Georgia. 

Frederic A. Lucas, Curator in Chief of the Museum, 
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brook- 
lyn, New York. 

M. C. Marsh, Agent at the Alaska Salmon Fish- 
eries, Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D C. 

Prof. S. Matsubara, Director of the Imperial Fish- 
eries Institute, Tokyo, Japan. 

W. L. May, Denver Convention League, Denver, 
Colorado. 

Frank Miller, Put-in Bay, Ohio. 

Roy W Miner, Assistant Curator, American 
Museum of Natural History, New York City 

Henry O'Malley, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries 
Station, Clackamas, Oregon. 

William Palmer, U. S. National Museum, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

Prof. George H. Parker, Harvard University, Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts. 

Edward E. Race, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries 
Station, Green Lake, Maine. 

Casimir Raveret - Wattel, rue des Acacias, 20, 
Paris, France. 

Dr. Jacob Reighard, Professor of Zoology, Uni- 
versity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Paul Reighard, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 
Michigan. 

Robert K. Robinson, Superintendent U. S. Fish- 
eries Station, White Sulphur Springs, West 
Virginia. 

Al. Rosenberg, Spring Brook Trout Company, 
Kalamazoo, Michigan. 

W. H. Safford, Conneaut Lake, Pennsylvania. 



Dr. George G. Scott, College of the City of New 
York, New York City. 

George A. Seagle, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries 
Station, Wytheville, Virginia. 

William P. Seal, Aquarist, Delair, New Jersey. 

Hon. George Shiras 3d, Stoneleigh Court, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

G. E. Sirams, 61 Lamb's Conduit, London, W. C, 
England. 

A. Soiling, Commissioner of Danish Fisheries 
Department, London, England. 

John I Solomon, Civil Engineer, 5 1 West Eighty- 
first street. New York City. 

L. B Spencer, New York Aquarium, NewYorkCity. 

M. F Stapleton, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries 
Station, Mammoth Springs, Arkansas. 

Charles H. Stevenson, LT S. Bureau of Fisheries, 
Washington, D. C. 

W T, Thompson, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries 
Station, Leadville, Colorado. 

E. A. Tulian, Chief of Fish-cultural Section, Min- 
istry of Agriculture, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 

Dr. Antoine Valle, Secretary-General of Austrian 
Society of Marine Fishing and Fish Culture, 
Trieste, Austria. 

Eugene Vincent, Fish Culturist, Trocadero Aqua- 
rium, Paris, France. 

Claudius Wallich, Field Superintendent, V. S. Bu- 
reau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. 

B. O. Webster, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania. 
Andrew R. Whitaker, Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. 
R. Tyson White, Brooklyn, New York. 

E C. Whitman, Board of Trade, Canso, Nova 
Scotia. 

Dr. H. V. Wilson, Professor of Zoology, University 
of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 

S. G. Worth, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries Sta- 
tion, Edenton, North Carolina. 

Paul Zirzow, Oderbergerstrasse 56, Berlin, Ger- 
many. 



REGULATIONS. 

I. Object of the Congress. 

The congress will deliberate on all important affairs concerning fishing and fish 
culture, and will submit propositions and memorials to governments and to provincial 
and local authorities. 

2. Members of the Congress. 

The membership of the congress will consist of government, state, and provincial 
representatives, delegates from home and foreign societies, corporations, and personages 
invited by the management of the congress, and persons at home and abroad who are 
deemed to have an interest in the purposes of the congress and express a wish to take 
part in it. 

3. Rights to Me.mbers. 

All the members of the congress have the right to vote, to participate in the dis- 
cussions, and to make independent propositions. In case a corporation should be 
represented by several delegates, the members of this delegation have the right to only 
one vote, which shall be cast by the delegate designated to the presiding officer. The 
delivery of the card of admission gives to members the right to take part in all the 
enterprises and excursions projected by the congress, to receive all the publications, 
and to wear the insignia of the congress. The members of the congress are required 
to conform to its regulations and decisions. 

4. Organization of the Congress. 

The congress will follow officially the preceding international fishery congresses, 
and will conform to the decisions for the regulation of the international fishery congresses 
decreed at Paris in 1900. The president and the secretary-general of the congress will 
be nominated by the United States Bureau of Fisheries; the vice-presidents will be 
elected by the congress from among its members. 

5. Elections and Resolutions of the Congress. 

All the resolutions of the congress are adopted by an absolute majority of the 
members present having the right to vote. (See sec. 3.) In case of division the presi- 
dent's vote will decide. Elections take place by ballot. Formal propositions and 
resolutions intended for the consideration of the congress should be in the hands of the 
local committee by August i, 1908. The committee will decide on the admission of 
such propositions; but in case of rejection it is required to make known to the congress 
the reasons therefor. 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. I5 

6. Resources of the Congress. 

The resources of the congress consist of a special appropriation by the Congress of 
the United States, of voluntary contributions from interested persons, and of member- 
ship fees fixed at $2 for each person. In the case of official representatives of govern- 
ments the membership fee is remitted. 

7. Method of Debate. 

All the debates of the congress take place in full assembly. The official language 
is English, but in presenting papers and in debates members have the right to use also 
the French, German, or Italian language. 

The meetings will be presided over by the president or vice-president, who will 
conduct the debates according to the established order. The president, on yielding 
the chair, may himself take part in the debates. The duration of the discussion of a 
subject will be regulated by the extent of the programme and will be communicated to 
the assembly before the commencement of the debate. Members desiring to speak 
will inscribe their names and subjects during or after the reading of papers, and the 
president will call on them to speak in the order of their inscription. 

A member may speak only twice on the same subject in the same meeting, personal 
remarks and corrections excepted. The motion for the close of a debate must imme- 
diately be put to a vote; this motion once accepted, only the members who have pre- 
viously asked recognition may speak. The author of a proposition or paper shall at the 
end of the debate be recognized for a final resume. 

8. Minutes and Publications. 

Minutes will be prepared on all the proceedings of the congress and will contain 
the reports and debates in brief and in extenso. The full transactions of the congress 
will be published as soon as practicable after the final adjournment. 

9. Additional Regul-ations. 

The local committee of organization will make such further regulations as may 
be necessary for the proper conduct of the work of the congress. 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 

WASHINGTON, U. S. A.. 1908. 

SESSIONAL BUSINESS. 

PRELIMINARY MEETING. TUESDAY. SEPTEMBER 22. 
DEPARTMENT OF STATE. 

The foreign delegates and others convened in the Diplomatic Room of the 
Department of State at 9.30 a. m. and were received by the Assistant Secretary 
of State, Hon. Alvey A. Adee. 

Secretary AdeE. Gentlemen, I have much pleasure in greeting you. It 
would have been Secretary Root's privilege to meet you, but he is detained at 
his summer home, in northern New York, and has asked me to welcome you 
in his name. Falling on me at the last moment, this agreeable duty finds me 
unprepared to make a formal address. With your kindly indulgence, I venture 
to offer a few desultory remarks. 

Your mission is beneficent. It deals with a phase of the world-old yearning 
for the conquest of the sea. From Salamis to Trafalgar, from Trafalgar to our 
own day, the peoples have been rivals for its mastery. Not alone have their 
mighty fleets striven for supremacy, but their traders have sought to acquire its 
commercial control for their own advantage. But this keen contest has been 
for domination upon the face of the waters. Beneath the surface lie other and 
nobler prizes to be won. We seek those prizes not as embittered antagonists, 
but as associates in the interest of the great solidarity of mankind. 

Above the problem of naval and commercial supremacy is the greater prob- 
lem of the sustenance and maintenance of the peoples. Without the farmer, 
the stock raiser, the miner, and the fisherman, there could be no wide-reaching 
empires, no armies, no navies, no marvelous progress in civilization, no develop- 
ment of culture or science, for the producers supply the means by which all these 
things are done. It is through the producers, the men who wring from the 
earth and the seas the means of supporting existence itself, that national life 
is begotten and developed. It is by the abundance of the producers' returns 
that the world's prosperity may be measured. 

It was said long ago, by a philosopher of the mythical Commonwealth of 
Brobdingnag, that whoever could make two ears of corn or two blades of grass 

B. B. F. J90S— i ij 



1 8 BULLETIN OF THE BCREAU OF FISHERIES. 

to grow where one grew before would be a benefactor of mankind. How many 
fold greater would be he who, leaving the fertile land for the yet more fertile 
ocean, should develop the life-sustaining harvest of the waters in ever increasing 
abundance, for the benefit of all the world in generous equality. 

Your purpose is a great one, and in the effort to accomplish it you meet 
as fellow-workers toward the general welfare. I wish you godspeed in your 
work. 

OPENING SESSION, TUESDAY. SEPTEMBER 22. 
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOQETY HALL. 

The congress was opened at 10.30 a. m. by Hon. George M. Bowers, chair- 
man of the local committee of organization and Commissioner of Fisheries of 
the United States. 

Commissioner Bowers. Ladiesand gentlemen, as Commissioner of Fisheries 
and chief of the Bureau primarily responsible for the assembly of the Fourth 
International Fishery Congress in the city of Washington, I do now call this 
meeting to order. 

It gives me great pleasure to present to this meeting the Hon. Oscar S. 
Straus, Secretary of Commerce and Labor, who will deliver an address of wel- 
come to the congress in behalf of the Government of the United States. 

Secretary Straus. Mr. Commissioner, ladies, and gentlemen, it is a great 
pleasure and a high privilege, as head of the Department of Commerce and 
Labor, of which the Bureau of Fisheries forms an important part, to welcome 
vou heartily to this the Fourth International Fishery Congress. 

The subject of fish as an article of food and as an industry, and I might 
say amusement, is one of the oldest and dates back to the earliest history of 
mankind. Even in Isaiah we read, when foretelhng or forecasting the disso- 
lution of Egypt, "The fishers also shall mourn, and. all they that cast angle 
into the brooks shall lament, and they that spread nets upon the waters shall 
languish," showing that even in those early times the fish and fishers were 
held to be one of the important considerations of mankind. 

The question of food, and of fish as an important article of food for man- 
kind, was perhaps even more important in the dawn of history than it is to-day, 
in that the articles of food, the contributions to what made up the sustenance 
of mankind, were not so extensive as they are, and as they became, as nations 
became more enlightened and their needs became greater. 

Last spring the President of the United States, who as a historian is one 
of the greatest that this countrj^ has known, and whose horizon is therefore 
that of a historian, called together in conference the governors of our states 
for the purpose of considering the conservation of our natural resources — 
the forests, the lands, the waters, the minerals — recognizing, as all students 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 1 9 

of these important subjects must, that we are drawing heavily upon that 
valuable capital, the natural resources of the land and of water, and that, 
looking forward to the generations that are to follow us, it becomes not only 
our duty, but a necessity of safe policy, to see that these great blessings that 
have come to us shall be handed down to those generations not exhausted in 
selfishness or wasted in ignorance, but as little impaired as human science and 
human ingenuity can provide for. In full accord with that wise and states- 
manlike policy is the meeting of a congress such as this, for one of the great 
natural resources is fish, one of the important articles of food and one of the 
healthiest. 

There is perhaps no more significant sign of the unity of the enlightened 
people of the world, of the brotherhood of mankind, than these international 
congresses for the purpose of promoting the welfare and happiness of the people 
of all nations. Here in this city now are two such international congresses 
meeting. Not far from here are gathered many of the scientists of the world, 
the great healers, the physicians, who have come together in order to compare 
notes, to study, to advance the knowledge that will eliminate the greatest 
enemy of mankind, popularly known as the "great white plague." And here 
are assembled men from every State, delegates from foreign countries, in 
order to compare notes, to exchange ideas, to discuss the various phases of 
the science with which they are connected, for the purpose of promoting the 
culture and the propagation of one of the great articles of food upon which 
mankind subsists. The purpose and object are worthy of your consideration. 

To us in this country fish and fisheries have been of the highest impor- 
tance since the earliest period of colonization. Our Pilgrim Fathers, of whom 
we are very proud — so proud that the whole United States might be divided 
into two classes, those who are descended from them and those who claim to 
be descended from them [laughter and applause] — for the first two years they 
subsisted almost entirely on fish; and I leave it to you, gentlemen of science, 
that perhaps that is the reason why their descendants have shown such won- 
derful mental powers [laughter], such aggressiveness, are so rich in brains — 
because their original progenitors lived for two years on fish. [Applause and 
laughter.] 

Another point: The earliest commerce of the settlers on the New England 
coast was fish and lumber. Now, fish is dried, salted, and cured, and I am told 
that fish eaten in that way stimulates thirst very much. [Laughter.] Was it, 
perhaps, on that account that the early commerce with the West Indies — the 
exportation of cured fish — resulted in the bringing back from the West Indies 
of rum [laughter], sugar, and molasses? They go well together. [Laughter 
and applause.] A very fair exchange. Bismarck says that "the logic of the 
historian is as exacting as Prussia's accounting office." Let us see. One of the 



20 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

great political questions that is sweeping over New England to-day is prohibi- 
tion, and I suppose the reason it finds so much favor in New England is because 
of this, for the New Englanders are nothing if they are not historical. His- 
torically speaking, having in mind the enormous amount -of rum that they 
imported from the West Indies, they can say, "O, Lord, we have had our fill." 
[Laughter and applause.] 

I need not point out to you that the quest for fish has inspired, has brought 
up, some of the most intrepid navigators, who, in search of fish, have become the 
great discoverers. It is said, with historical accuracy that I neither admit nor 
deny, that the continent was first discovered, or at least the northern portion 
of it, by the Norse fishermen. You know that the Cabots, in their discoveries, 
came back and placed great emphasis upon the fact of the Newfoundland cod. 
The cod is almost a national emblem for a part of this country, and well it may be. 

Gentlemen, I know you are scientific, and you do not want to hear from 
me on questions of history; but one of my chief objects in talking to you, who 
know so much about fish from its scientific side, is to conceal from you my igno- 
rance of the subject [laughter], and if I have succeeded in doing that I have 
largely accomplished what I came for. 

I wish, in conclusion, to say that we welcome you most heartily, especially 
you who have come to us from foreign shores. We know that you have much 
to teach us, and perhaps we may have a little something to teach you in return. 
Be that as it may, whatever we have is yours. We are united with you in this 
great and noble work, in uniting our experience, our scientific knowledge, for 
the purpose not only of conserving this very important and great item of food 
for mankind, but of increasing it, propagating it; and no more important sub- 
ject can engage the attention of scientific and practical men of all nations. 
[Applause.] 

The Ch.mrman. We have with us one of the Commissioners of the District 
of Columbia and city of Washington — one of our governors — and it gives me 
great pleasure to present the Hon. Henry L. West, who will extend a welcome 
to the congress on behalf of the city of Washington. 

Commissioner WEST. Mr. Commissioner, members of the congress, ladies, 
and gentlemen, the citizens of the District of Columbia add, through me as their 
representative, to the very warm and sincere words of welcome just eloquently 
uttered by the Secretary Commerce and Labor. 

Your meetings hitherto, I believe, have been held on shores foreign to us, 
and it is peculiarly appropriate that here in the United States you should hold 
your session in the capital of this great American Republic. We may be, as 
the Secretary has said, ignorant of the scientific terms and other technical 
knowledge regarding fish, and yet we are not unaware of the great results which 
are already a part of the enviable history of this congress nor of the high aims 
which stimulate you to still further accomplishment. And we believe and hope 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 21 

that your deliberations here will add still more to the splendid record you have 
already attained. 

The work of this congress appeals with peculiar force to the popular mind. 
The propagation and culture of the food fishes, as well as the preservation of 
the important species which would become extinct but for the care, zeal, and 
knowledge which you exercise , offers to every man a most attractive field and 
brings its large reward in the consciousness of doing good for all mankind. It 
is, therefore, with especial pleasure that we welcome you to Washington, in the 
continued and increasing development of your practical work. 

We have not here, in a new country and a new city, the traditions and the 
histories which invest foreign capitals with so much charm; and yet you will 
find here in Washington many things that we hope will be of real interest to 
you. Yonder white-domed Capitol must dwell forever in your memories as an 
impressive and inspiring picture; the White House is the embodiment of our 
democratic life; and the tomb at Mount Vernon, when you stand beside it, 
whether you be an American or a foreigner, must compel your respect, if you 
admire in the human race the characteristics of patriotic courage and devotion. 
And, above all, in the laboratories and museums here you will have ample 
opportunity for the facilitation of that study in which you are engaged and 
which has earned for you the commendation of the world. 

I can not, I assure you, talk either as eloquently, as confidently, or with as 
much experience regarding "rum and molasses" as my friend Secretary Straus 
[laughter], but I can join with him, and do join with him, in welcoming you to 
this beautiful capital, which has grown in hardly a century — in fact, the new 
Washington is but twenty or twenty-five years old. We can join together in wel- 
coming you here, in expressing the hope that your deliberations may be of such 
advantage to you, that your experiences here may be so pleasant, that the hos- 
pitality which we will try to extend to you may leave so warm a spot in your 
hearts and thought, that when you leave you will have had awakened a desire to 
reassemble as soon as possible in the capital of the United States. [Applause.] 

The Chairman. The president of the American Fisheries Society is with 
us, and will now extend a welcome in behalf of that society. I take pleasure 
in presenting Dr. Hugh M. Smith. 

Doctor Smith. Mr. Chairman, ladies, and gentlemen, it is not inappropriate 
that on this occasion an opportunity should be afforded the American Fisheries 
Society to join with the United States Government and the city of Wash- 
ington in extending a welcome to those who have come from afar to partici- 
pate in this gathering of the fishermen of all nations; for the society feels that 
its objects, its accomplishments, and its affiliations entitle it to a voice in these 
proceedings. 

Forty years ago fish culture was a very absorbing theme among a small 
band of American pioneers by whom the creation of a fisherv bureau under 



22 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

government control was strongly advocated. A few years later, when these 
fish lovers had banded themselves together in a society, they continued their 
agitation and exerted a decided influence in inducing Congress to establish 
the national bureau of fisheries. A Httle later, when it was . seen that the law 
incorporating the bureau contained no provision for the artificial propagation 
of food fishes, this same society on whose behalf I have the honor to speak 
persuaded Congress to authorize and make special appropriation for fish culture, 
which has since been conducted on a yearly increasing ^cale and has become 
the most important branch of the fishery work of the government. 

This societv was thus intimately concerned in inaugurating and shaping 
the course of the public fishery service of the United States, and it has continued 
to exert a potent influence in federal and state fishery affairs. It is the repre- 
sentative fishery organization of the Western Hemisphere, and has just held 
its thirty-seventh annual meeting. Its 400 active members include nearly all 
national and state fishery officials, as well as men engaged in private fish culture 
for pleasure or pecuniary profit; hardy fishermen of our seas, lakes, and rivers; 
managers and employees of fishing and fish-preserving companies; university 
professors whose biological studies deal with the inhabitants of the water; 
enthusiastic disciples of Izaak Walton; ultra-fastidious scientific anglers who 
would rather tie an artificial fly properly and cast a line gracefully than catch 
the largest trout — in short, all sorts and conditions of that widely distributed 
variety of the human species which we may call piscatorius. 

The society has been pleased to include in its honorary and corresponding 
membership many who have attained prominence in various branches of fishery 
work in Europe, Asia, and America. A number of these members are here 
to-day with our other colleagues; and perhaps the greatest benefit that will 
accrue to our people from this congress will come not from the formal papers 
and discussions, important as they may be, but from the opportunity thus 
afforded to meet personally and informally exchange experiences with our 
colaborers from other lands. 

Therefore, the American Fisheries Society wishes to express its great 
pleasure that you have come among us, and to extend to you a cordial greeting 
from every state and territory of this vast country; but we prefer to regard 
you not as representatives of great sovereign powers and influential foreign 
societies and organizations, but as fellow-citizens of that cosmopolitan domain 
where fish is king and where, as loyal subjects, we labor together for the good 
of the royal family and all of its aquatic relatives. 

The Chairman. I have to announce that in pursuance of the established 
custom, those extending the invitation to meet in Washington have selected 
as president of the Fourth international Fishery Congress Dr. Hermon C. 
Bumpus, Director of the American Museum of Natural History, in New York. 
A motion to ratify this selection is now in order. 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 23 

Dr. Heinrich von Kadich. I move that the nomination be ratified. 

[The motion was duly seconded.] 

The Chairman. You have heard the motion. As many as are in favor of the 
ratification say "Aye;" the contrary, "No." The motion prevails. 

I have to announce further that Dr. Hugh M. Smith, Deputy Commissioner of 
the United States Bureau of Fisheries, has been nominated for secretary-general. 
A motion to ratify this selection is in order. 

Lieut. Radler de Aquino. I move that the nomination be ratified. 

The Chairman. As many as are in favor of the ratification of this selection 
say "Aye;" the contrary, "No." The "ayes" have it, and Doctor Smith is 
duly elected secretary-general. 

The permanent officers have now been selected, and I surrender the chair, 
with expression of the hope that the dehberations of this congress will be 
pleasurable and profitable, and that when you go hence, at the conclusion of 
the meeting, you will carry with you the feeling that the long journey many of 
you have made has not been made in vain. I wish you happiness and suc- 
cess. Doctor Bumpus, will you come forward? [Applause.] 

Doctor Bumpus. On assuming the chair, I will ask if any one is prepared to 
acknowledge the courtesies that have been extended to us by the Honorable 
Secretary of Commerce and Labor, by the Honorable Commissioner of Fish- 
eries, and by the Honorable Commissioner of the District of Columbia? 

Dr. P. P. C. HoEK (Holland). You will please excuse my poor English, 
gentlemen. I might address you in another language as well, yet I believe that 
though my English is not quite pure, still most of you might understand me 
better than if I addressed you, say, in Dutch. 

Gentlemen, I have been asked, and I have accepted the invitation with great 
pleasure, to address, first, to the United States Government, and especially the 
Bureau of Fisheries of the Department of Commerce and Labor; in the second 
place, to the District of Columbia; and in the third place, to the American 
Fisheries Society, the hearty thanks of the congress for this splendid and 
extremely agreeable reception here in Washington. But it is not only for that 
reception — it is especially for the excellent way in which this congress has been 
prepared — that we are extremely grateful to the secretary-general, of course, in 
the first place, and to the president, and to all the gentlemen who have given 
themselves the trouble to assist these other gentlemen in this matter. 

Ladies and gentlemen, may I use this opportunity to tell you that a few days 
ago I came across an American book, a book published, I think, about thirty-five 
years ago and then studied by me with great pleasure on the other side, a book 
which I have not seen since? It was a book by Draper, and the title of that 
book was "The History of the Struggle between Religion and Science." It is 
not for the question of that struggle that I quote that book, but it is because the 



24 BULLETIN- OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

formulation brought me to think about another struggle, a struggle bet-ween — 
let me see — human industry- on one side and nature on the other side. When I 
say "human industr\- " I mean the whole of what man does — the building of great 
cities, the river pollution, the erection of large manufactories, navigation, all 
kinds of industry, mining, and much more — I mean that altogether. How does 
that human industr\- compete with nature? We soon find out that to a large 
extent human industrv- has been extremely disadvantageous — I might use a 
stronger word — to nature. It is true that human activity did what it could, in 
some cases more, in others less, to make good again what was spoiled by man 
on the other side. A German poet said, " Die Erde ist schon iiberall, wo der 
Mensch nicht hinkommt mit seiner Oual." You might say that in English, 
'■ Beautiful is the earth ever}-where where man does not come to spoil it." 

You understand, now, what I mean; I intended to say that it ^vill be 
ver\- nice to have another book \mtten, another Draper writing a book on that 
struggle between industry- and nature; and when such a book ever will be 
%\-ritten I am perfectly sure beforehand that you will find in that book pages — 
no, whole chapters — telUng of the excellent and most efficacious way in which 
that struggle has been taken up here in your country. And when we were 
honored with the in^"itation to come to your United States, and were glad to 
receive that invitation, it was, in the first place, because we enjoyed before- 
hand, and were sure to enjoy making acquaintance \\-ith, your excellent methods 
of ameUorating the fisheries in your waters. 

This is nearly all I have to say to you, but when I repeat my thanks for 
this reception, and for the ih\-itation, I lay stress upon the fact that it is especially 
because we so extremely admire the excellent way in which you have tried to 
propagate and to protect the fisheries, to do what you could by artificial and 
natiural cultiu-e to promote the great industr\- in which we all here are so highly 
interested. 

The President. Those having the arrangement of the affairs of the congress 
in hand have asked me to make certain announcements, particularly in regard 
to the appointment of officers and committees, and with your kind permission 
I will make them at this time. First, I have the honor to propose the following 
list of \-ice-presidents : 

As the first \-ice-president, and representing the Xetherlands, Dr. P. P. C. 
Hoek, Scientific Fishery- Adviser of the Dutch Government, Harlem. 

Austria. Dr. Heinrich von Kadich, Coimcillor of Administration, Department 
of Forestry and Domain. \'ienna. 

Brazil, Lieut. Radler de Aquino. Xaval Attache of the Brazilian Embassy, 
Washington, D. C. 

Canada, Prof. Edward E. Prince, Dominion Commissioner of Fisheries, 
Ottawa. 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 25 

China, Dr. Wei-ching W. Yen, Second Secretary Imperial Chinese Legation 
at Washington, D. C. 

Guatemala, Dr. Ramon Bengoechea, Consul-General of Guatemala, New 
York City. 

Italy, Prof. Decio Vinciguerra, Director of the Royal Fish-cultural Station, 
Rome. 

Japan, Dr. Tasaku Kitahara, Imperial Fisheries Bureau, Department of 
Agriculture and Commerce, Tokyo. 

Mexico, Hon. Jose F. Godoy, Charged' Affaires ad interim, Mexican Embassy, 
Washington, D. C. 

Peru, Dr. Robert E. Coker, Fishery Expert of Peruvian Government, Lima. 

Roumania, Dr. Gregoire Antipa, Inspector-General of Fisheries, Bucharest. 

Sweden, Dr. Oscar Fritiof Nordqvist, Superintendent of Fisheries, Lund. 

German Fisheries Society, Dr. Walther Naumann, Lipsa, near Ruhland, 
Germany. 

Royal Geographical Society, England, Mr. O. T. Olsen, Grimsby, 
England. 

Ignited States, Dr. Richard Rathbun, Assistant Secretary Smithsonian 
Institution and member of Permanent Commission of International Fishery 
Congresses, Washington, D. C. 

[Moved and duly seconded that the nominations for vice-presidents be 
ratified.] 

The President. Those in favor will signify by saying "Aye;" those opposed, 
"No." It is carried. The ratification will be duly recorded by the secretary. 

I announce certain committees, and particularly a committee that will 
attend to the arrangement of the programme. There are about 100 papers that 
have been submitted, and naturally there is not sufficient time for the presenting 
of all these papers in extenso. The adoption of some scheme that will be 
satisfactory to the largest number, and an arrangement of the programme from 
session to session, has been found essential. This, it was thought, might well 
be delegated to a representative committee, which might consist of the following: 
Mr. Charles E. Fryer, Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, and the secretary-general. If 
these gentlemen will then kindly convene in this room at the time of the 
adjournment this morning, the first meeting of that committee can be held, 
provided the appointment meets with your approval. 

Another committee — a committee on awards — will have a great deal of 
work to do. It was thought wise to have the committee on awards practically 
a number of small committees. The subjects for which awards have been 
arranged group themselves under five headings, and there will be announced at 
the session this afternoon those gentlemen whom we would like to have serve 
on the international committee on awards. At that time there will also be 



26 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

given a full statement of the conditions under which these awards have been 
given and a list of the competitors. 

For a committee on resolutions, these names are suggested : Prof. Edward E. 
Prince, Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, and the secretary-general. 

Is there miscellaneous business to come before this meeting? 

Dr. Henry F. Moore. There appears to be no other business to be pre- 
sented. I therefore move that we adjourn, Mr. President, until 2 o'clock this 
afternoon, when the meeting will be held at the New Willard Hotel. 

The President. Doubtless all understand that our regular place of meet- 
ing will be in the large banquet hall, on the top floor of the New Willard Hotel. 
Our headquarters will be there. At the anteroom you will find notice of the 
places at which you may receive your mail, in case it has been sent in care of 
the local committee. You will also find there some one who will act as inter- 
preter and general adviser, and some one who will have charge of the local 
bureau of information. The meetings will be held promptly at the times 
announced. At 2 o'clock this afternoon the meeting will be called to order. 
We will now adjourn to meet at that hour. 

Thereupon, at 12.05 p. m., the congress adjourned. 

AFTERNOON SESSION. TUESDAY. SEPTEMBER 22. 
NEW WILLARD HOTEL. 

The congress was called to order by the president at 2 o'clock. 

The President. The chair would make the following announcements: 

With reference to the committee on awards, you will remember that the 
list of prizes has been printed and circulated, and there are some 18 prizes. 
The committee on awards will consist of the following subcommittees : 

For prizes numbered 3, 7, and 8, Dr. Oscar Nordqvist, Dr. T. S. Palmer, 
Maj. Richard Sylvester, Dr. B. W. Evermann, and Dr. W. S. Harban. 

For prizes numbered i, 5, 6, 11, 14, and 13, Dr. Decio Vinciguerra, Dr. E. A. 
Birge, Dr. F. B. Sumner, and Dr. T. Kitahara. 

For prize numbered 17, Dr. H. von Kadich, Dr. H. B. Ward, and Dr. R. E. 
Coker. 

For prizes numbered 9, 10, 12, 13, and 16, Dr. P. P. C. Hoek, Mr. W. E. 
Meehan, and Mr. J. W. Titcomb. 

For prizes numbered 2, 4, and 18, Dr. Gregoire Antipa, Dr. S. E. Meek, 
and Dr. F. W. True. 

And I would request the chairmen of these respective committees kindly to 
apply to the secretary -general of the congress, Doctor Smith, by whom you will 
be given a list of the papers and the papers themselves that have been submitted 
to the congress in competition for these awards. 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 27 

The committee on programme found themselves somewhat in doubt in 
regard to the wisest way in which to arrange the programme. It seems that we 
have two kinds of papers — some that are submitted in competition and some 
that are not submitted in competition. The committee on programme have felt 
that it was to the best interests of the congress to have the papers presented 
here irrespective of whether they were or were not offered in competition ; and, 
feeling that they had the confidence of the members of the congress to the effect 
that they would be quite impartial in selecting papers for presentation, have 
decided, so far as their work is concerned, to arrange the programme for the suc- 
cessive sessions without respect to the question of competition. The question 
of competition is left to an entirely different committee or committees. 

The committee on programme, moreover, have felt that it would be fair to all 
that the time limit for papers presented should be fifteen minutes, unless voted 
an extension by the congress. It was also felt that discussion would be stimu- 
lated if the time for those discussing the papers presented should, in the initial 
case, be limited to three minutes. Therefore, the chair will follow the instruc- 
tions of the committee, unless it is instructed by the congress to the contrary. 

The chair has been asked to make certain announcements. 

All members of the congress who have not received invitations, cards, et cetera, 
to the President's reception. Secretary Straus's reception, the lecture at the 
National Geographic Society, and all other functions connected with the con- 
gress, should call at room looi, the anteroom in the New Willard, to secure 
these cards of invitation; and I beg of you to keep in touch with room looi. 
It is practically our headquarters between sessions. 

The members of the International Fishery Congress and ladies are invited 
to be the guests of the American Fisheries Society at an infonnal lunch to-morrow 
at the Arlington Hotel, at 12 o'clock sharp. This is a lunch given bv the 
American Fisheries Society, the society that adjourned yesterday in order that 
it might merge its meetings with yours. 

The programme that has been submitted for the meeting this afternoon has 
been roughly outlined upon the blackboard. Mr. Olsen has consented to open 
the congress with his paper, " International Regulations of the Fisheries on the 
High Seas." Mr. Olsen, will you kindly come forward to the platform? 

Mr. O. T. Olsen (England). Ladies and gentlemen, I rather regret that I 
should be called upon so early to read the paper which I had prepared but not 
quite finished; and should it be disjointed I hope you will forgive me and let 
me down gently, for I have come a long way on short notice, and therefore have 
not been able to finish what I intended to do. 

The paper relates to a very extensive subject, and to do justice to it here 
would take up considerably more time than we shall be able to afford, as there 



28 BULLETIX OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

are many speakers to come after me. I think tlie best plan will be to begin 
with the territorial waters or sea-fishen,- limits. 

[Mr. Olsen's paper appears on pages 77-82.] 

The President. Mr. Fryer has consented to open the discussion on this 
paper — the initial paper of the congress. 

[Mr. Fr}-er's remarks appear on page 83.] 

The Presidext. I am sure all Americans feel with me the great sense of 
gratification that it is to be permitted to listen to and to meet those with whose 
work we are so familiar, but with whom we have not heretofore had the privi- 
lege of personal acquaintance. I feel like thanking personally both of the 
gentlemen that have opened the discussion, and I am sure that we all feel the 
same way about it. 

The paper that has been presented is now open for general discussion. Are 
there any contributions from the floor? 

[Dr. B. W. Evermann thereupon addressed the congress in continuation of 
the discussion. His remarks appear on page 85. Mr. A. Kelly Evans followed, 
and his remarks appear on page 87.] 

The President. Are there others who will contribute to this discussion? 

[Mr. John J. Pew then spoke on the regulation of beam trawling, and his 
remarks will be found on page 88. The discussion of the same subject was 
continued by the president, Doctor Hoek, Mr. Xorth, and ilr. Frver, whose 
remarks appear on page 89.] 

The President. We are still discussing the first paper on the programme. 
Are there others who will contribute to the discussion? 

Mr. C."H. Wilson (New York). Mr. President, I would like to get into this 
discussion for just a minute. 

[The remarks of Mr. Wilson on the condition of the fisheries of the Great 
Lakes are given on page 89. He was followed by Mr. Henn," Hinrichs, who 
spoke on the same subject and whose statements may be found on page 90.] 

The President. Are you now ready to proceed with the second paper? Is 
Professor Prince here, please? Will Professor Prince rise? [No response.] Then 
the next paper is one to be submitted by Mr. Hathaway. The paper is entitled 
" Effects of Menhaden Fishing upon the Supply of Menhaden and of the Fishes 
that Prey upon Them," by Walter E. Hathaway, of Whitestone, \'irginia. 

[Mr. Hathaway's paper is printed on pages 269-277, and was briefly dis- 
cussed by the president and Dr. Hugh M. Smith. See page 277.] 

The President. The secretary has one or two announcements to make. 

The Secret.\rv-General. I desire to call attention to a typographical 
error in the in\dtation card to the moving pictures which will be displayed by 
courtesy of the New England Forest, Fish, and Game Association. The card 
reads "September 26th," but is intended to read "September 22d." The 
function is this evening. 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 29 

These very beautiful bouquets that decorate our desks have been pre- 
sented by the exceedingly efficient chairman of our local entertainment com- 
mittee, and are sent to this meeting with the compliments of the White House, 
with the further request that the}' be given to the ladies in attendance when 
we adjourn. [Applause.] 

I have great pleasure in reading this cablegram from Prof. Dr. Franz 
Steindachner, the president of the Third International Fishery Congress, dated 
Vienna, September 22: 

"An old lover of fishes regrets his absence and sends best wishes." [Ap- 
plause.] 

[The congress took a recess of five minutes, after which the discussion of 
Mr. Hathaway's paper on the menhaden was resumed, and Mr. Cooper and 
Mr. George P. Squires spoke. Their remarks appear on page 278.] 

The President. Is Doctor Coker here? [No response.] Then is Dr. I. A. 
Field here? [No response.] Then Dr. George W. Field, of the Massachusetts 
Commission, who has spent a great deal of time on the various problems con- 
nected with the lobster. 

[Doctor Field spoke on "Lobsters and the Lobster Problem in Massachu- 
setts. " His remarks are given in full on pages 209-212. The discussion which 
followed (see p. 213-217) was participated in by the president, Mr. H. T. Root, 
Mr. W. H. Boardman, Mr. James Donahue, Mr. Fryer, and Dr. George W. Field.] 

The President (at the conclusion of the discussion on lobsters). Are there 
other contributions? If not, I will read a communication that has been 
received by the Rhode Island Commission of Fisheries from Robert Aldrich & 
Co., fish trappers and trawlers, of Wickford, Rhode Island. The letter is dated 
September 18, 1908, and is as follows: 

It is our belief that the continual firing for a week of the heavy guns at Fort Greble 
has a serious effect on the squeteague fishing in West Bay. Last June the squeteague 
were entering the bay just before the militia went to the forts, and for some few days 
we had good fishing. As soon, however, as the firing commenced at Fort Greble the 
catches became very much smaller and by the end of the week we got very little. We 
can not prove, of course, that the firing was the cause of this, but we believe that it 
had a good deal to do with it. We do know that a school of menhaden in the vicinity 
of Dutch Island will "shower" every time a big gun is fired. Squeteague enter the 
bay in large schools and they must pass close to Dutch Island. The militia go to the 
forts every year just as the squeteague are at the height of their run, and we think 
the steady firing has a tendency to drive them back and out of the bay. After the 
fish have got by the forts and are well distributed in the bay the firing would probably 
have little effect — that is, about August i. We have it on pretty good authority that 
in one of the large bays in Ireland the fishing has been very poor for a number of years 
since the battle ships have had their target practice there, while in the other bays the 
fishing has been normal. We write this hoping that perhaps the question may be 
discussed and more facts discovered at the coming fishery congress. 

The President. Perhaps some of the members present have information 
in regard to the effect of heavy firing upon fish. 



30 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

Mr. Hathaway (Virginia) . Mr. President, I would like to make a statement 
in regard to that. A year or two ago our fleet came up into the Chesapeake Bay 
and made their headquarters off' Tangier Island, about the center of our men- 
haden fishing. This we believe to be a positive fact, indicated by what we saw 
and experienced. They were practicing, and our fishing was around within lo 
miles ; and every day the fishermen would find a school of fish — as the menhaden 
are a surface fish — and away would go one of those guns and down the fish 
would go, and not a fish for the poor fisherman. And many of our friends know 
what kind of oaths our fishermen utter under those circumstances. [Laughter.] 
We believe, judging from our fleet, according to the estimated catch of the fish 
by the number of vessels we had at work, that by that fleet coming and practicing 
for a few weeks, $4,000,000 loss was sustained in our state. It is a fact that the 
fleet drove every fish away as fast as every gun would go. The fish had just 
come up there and the fishermen had just got among them, and they absolutely 
drove away every fish from us; so much so that we petitioned through our 
Representative in Congress that they withdraw the fleet from our grounds, 
and I am very proud to say that they did. 

The President. May I ask some one in the Bureau of Fisheries whether the 
government is now making any observations with reference to the eifect of gun 
practice ? 

Dr. Francis B. Sumner (Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts). We have 
some data on that subject — unfortunately not nearly as much as we could have 
wished for. Nearly all that I shall say is on the authority of Prof. G. H. Parker, 
who, as many of you know, is a well-known student of animal physiology, and 
especially a student of the physiology of the sense organs and of reactions to 
stimuli. Professor Parker several years ago made some investigations in the 
endeavor to answer the question, Do fishes hear? As many of you may know, 
there has been a good deal of difference of opinion as to whether fishes hear at all. 
It was claimed at one time that fishes could hear even such sounds as the shout- 
ing of persons on shore, or in a boat, or even the ringing of a bell. There is that 
classical story, which perhaps some of you have heard, of the monastery in 
Europe, where a bell was rung periodically and the fishes came up to get their 
food. A scientist — I do not recall his name — took the trouble to investigate 
the report and found it to be quite correct. He looked a little further, however, 
than the ordinary observer, and he found that what the fish really did was to 
respond to the sight of the approaching person, and not at all to the sound of the 
bell. The bell had nothing to do with it. 

Professor Lee, of Columbia LTniversity, also made some experiments upon 
the hearing of fishes more than ten years ago, and his conclusion was entirely 
negative. While he granted, of course, that the obvious auditory organ or 
organs which exist in the ear region of a fish are there for a purpose — in other 
words, that they have a function — this function he did not believe to be hearing 



•FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 31 

Professor Lee came to the conclusion that his fishes did not hear, so far, at least, 
as he could get any responses from them. Professor Parker, however, working 
a few years ago in the employ of the Bureau of Fisheries at our laboratory at 
Woods Hole, proved pretty definitely that certain fishes, at least, did respond 
to sound stimuli. He put fishes into a moderately small tank in the laboratory 
and had an apparatus contrived by which he could transmit sound vibrations 
which would shake the tank and thus the water. By this means he could virtu- 
ally eliminate mechanical stimuli, and yet allow the fishes to be affected by 
stimuli which were rapid enough to produce in ourselves auditory sensations. 
Professor Parker's results led him to believe that fishes could hear to a limited 
degree. He worked chiefly on a certain small noncommercial fish known as the 
"kilHfish" or "mummichog" (Fundulus heteroditus) ; also on the squeteague, or 
weakfish. 

Now, when this question came up recently as to whether the battleships 
actually did disturb the fishes on our coast, as has been alleged pretty vocifer- 
ously in certain quarters, and also whether the motor boats disturb these fishes, 
naturally the man to whom the Bureau of Fisheries turned for information was 
Professor Parker. The original intention was that Professor Parker should 
carry out some experiments with the cooperation of the Navy Department — 
that is, the Bureau had correspondence with the Navy Department, and an 
arrangement was made, which, however, unfortunately miscarried. We sent 
a boat down to the vicinity of No Mans Land, off Marthas Vineyard, where 
this firing was to take place, but the battleship was not there at the time. Since 
then other propositions have been made by the Navy Department, and we 
might perhaps have made an arrangement with them, but the thing was otherwise 
not practicable at the time. We are in possession, however, of the following 
data: We had in Woods Hole Harbor this summer one of the large revenue 
cutters, the Gresham. Those cutters, as you know, are, of course, provided with 
nothing like such heavy guns as are the naval vessels, but still with good big 
guns, which, at short range, make a concussion unpleasant to people in the 
neighborhood of them, and, of course, a very loud sound. Professor Parker 
went across Woods Hole Harbor with his fishes. The gun was pointed at 
him, firing, of course, a blank charge, and he made observations. The fishes 
were placed in a little pen of netting, which was floated on the surface of the 
water. Doctor Parker is so accustomed to observing the reactions of these 
fishes to stimuli that he would naturally detect even very slight effects, which 
might not be noticed by a less skilled observer. He took out several kinds of 
fishes for this experiment. He tried them, first, at a distance of perhaps 300 
or 400 yards; next somewhat closer than that, and, finally, almost directlv 
underneath the guns of the vessel. There were absolutely no responses noted 
on the part of any of these fishes. That, of course, does not prove what a naval 



32 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

vessel might do; but what a revenue cutter could not do in that line at a dis- 
tance of 50 feet it is not likely a naval vessel could do a mile or even a quarter 
of a mile away. 

As to the motor boats, Professor Parker got exactly the same results. He 
used some surface-living fishes, the mackerel among others. This is one of the 
fishes which, it was alleged, were disturbed most by these noises. So he had 
fishermen go around with a motor boat, with the discharge out of the water, 
and also with it turned under the water. In the latter case the sound is "muf- 
fled" to our own ears, and yet, of course, strong vibrations must pass into the 
water and would presumably affect the fish more under those conditions if 
there was any effect at all. In these experiments, also, there was no response 
whatever. If the motor boats came near enough and the mackerel saw them, 
why, "down they went," as the gentleman here has described; but if the motor 
boats did not come within sight of the fish, but merely made the sound under 
the water, there was no response whatever. 

Of course, these results are not conclusive. It is desired to try these experi- 
ments with large guns; but so far this has not been practicable. In the mean- 
time, however, I thought that these conclusions might be of some interest. 

The President. WTiat are your wishes in regard to this communication 
from Messrs. Aldrich & Co. ? 

Mr. Henry T. Root (Rhode Island). I do not know what has been the 
experience of the members of this congress generally, but in our section we 
are having a considerable number of complaints about the firing of the great 
naval guns, and I am glad the subject has come up. I move that this whole 
matter be referred to a committee to be appointed by the chair. 

The President. You have heard the motion. Is the motion seconded? 

Mr. L. L. Mowbray (Bermuda). In the Bermudas we have made some 
experiments with that, and we think it is really due to explosive shells explod- 
ing very close to the surface of the water. They found many dead fish. It is 
a well-known fact that such explosions greatly disturb fish. 

The President. The motion has been made and seconded that this matter 
be referred to a committee. Those in favor of such reference will please signify 
by saying "Aye;" contrary minded, " Xo." The motion is carried. I appoint 
Messrs. Root, Smith, and Sumner. 

I am asked by the secretary to make the announcement that the several 
committees on award, by referring to the secretary at the conclusion of this 
session, will be given certain papers that have been submitted in competition. 

Shall we continue with other papers — it is now 5 o'clock — or shall we 
adjourn for this afternoon? If the chair hears no motion to adjourn, he will 
continue. 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAI, FISHERY CONGRESS. 33 

Adjournment was taken, with announcement of an informal meeting at the 
National Geographical Society building at 8 o'clock in the evening. 



At 8 o'clock p. m., at the invitation of Mr. Richard E. Follett, vice-president 
and manager of the New England Forest, Fish, and Game Association, the 
members proceeded to the hall of the National Geographic Society and wit- 
nessed an exhibition of motion pictures of fishing, hunting, and logging scenes, 
some of which had never before been displayed. 

MORNING SESSION, WEDNESDAY. SEPTEMBER 23. 
NEW WILLARD HOTEL. 

The congress was called to order by the president at 9.45 o'clock. 

[After calling for Prof. E. E. Prince and Dr. I. A. Field, who did not respond, 
the chair recognized Chevalier Guido Rossati, who spoke on " Economic Condi- 
tions of the Fisheries in Italy." Mr. Rossati's remarks appear in full on pages 
323-332. 

Dr. Tasaku Kitahara then read a paper entitled "The Fisheries of Japan, 
Considered from the Geographical Standpoint." This paper will be found on 
pages 375-379-] 

The President. The paper of Doctor Kitahara is open for discussion. 
Are there questions to be asked in regard to the fisheries in Japan? Are there 
experiments that have been made that we can profit by? If the paper is not 
discussed, I will then ask for the next, a paper by Mr. Charles H. Stevenson; 
and in introducing Mr. Stevenson I would like to present to the congress a book 
that has recently appeared, of which Dr. George F. Kunz ana Mr. Stevenson 
are joint authors. This book will be placed on the table here for inspection. 
It is entitled "The Book of the Pearl," and it is bound in form appropriate to 
the contents. It is a most beautiful volume. 

[Mr. Stevenson dealt with "Preservation of fisheries on the high seas," 
reading extracts on this subject from his paper on " International Regulations 
of the Fisheries of the High Seas," which appears in full on pages 103-178.] 

The President. The paper that you have listened to is now open to 
discussion. 

[The paper was thereupon discussed by Mr. Olsen and Mr. Fryer, for 
whose remarks see pages 179 and 180.] 

The President. Are there others who will speak on this most interesting 
topic? I imagine that we have discovered this morning an authority for a 
forthcoming work on piscicultural jurisprudence. If there are no others to 
speak on this matter, I will call for another paper that bears upon the subject, 
by Mr. Dennis. 

B. B. F. 1908—3 



34 BULLETIX OF THE BURJEAU OF FISHERIES. 

Mr. Oregon' Milton Dennis (Baltimore, Mar>-land ) . Possibly a word of 
explanation, Mr. President and ladies and gentlemen, is due at this time, in 
\-iew of the fact that the paper which I have prepared was intended to be 
delivered before the American Fisheries Society. When I arrived in Washington 
yesterday I found that for the time being, at least, the American Fisheries 
Society had been absorbed by this congress ; and I therefore thank you, gentle- 
men, for this opportunity, in \-iew of those facts. 

Another word : The -\-iews which I shall express are not those as a represent- 
ative from my association, nor from my state, nor from the fact that I have 
been the state warden of Maryland. They are views gathered from experience 
in fiUing those various offices. I make that explanation because I want to stand 
p)ersonally responsible. 

[Mr. Dennis's paper appears on pages 1S7-192.] 

The President. Are there comments upon this paper? Is Doctor Sumner 
present? [Xo response.] 

The remaining papers for this morning are papers that will be illustrated 
by the lantern. Doctor Svmxner will deliver the first paper and Mr. Townsend 
the second paper — the first upon certain biological siu'\-ey work that is being 
carried on at the station at Woods Plole under Doctor Stunners direction, and 
the second paper, a most interesting one, gi\"ing illustrations that were taken 
in the field by Mr. Townsend, showing the appearance of the seal islands off 
the Alaskan coast, the behavior of the seals, the methods of capture, and so on. 
I am sure all members of the congress will ^vish to stay this morning until 12 
o'clock to hiten to these two papers. While we are waiting for Doctor 
Sumner, however, there are certain announcements I have been requested to 
make. 

The chairmen of the respective committees on awards are asked to meet 
immediately after luncheon to-day at the Arlington at such place as may be 
indicated by Professor Birge. Professor Birge will be at the Arlington, and 
will arrange with the various chairmen for a joint session — not any other 
committees, but the committees on awards. I beg that the chairmen of these 
committees will confer with Professor Birge during the limcheon hour at the 
ArUngton. 

Of course, you understand that members of the International Fishery 
Congress and ladies are invited to be the guests of the American Fisheries 
Societ>- at an informal luncheon at the ArUngton at 12 o'clock sharp. 

I have received a request through room 1 001 to the effect that the mem- 
bers and those regularly attending these meetings will please register. It is 
ven,- important that those who are identifying themselves with this congress 
should leave their names and addresses; otherwise it is impossible for the local 
committee to reach you with in\-itations and with announcements. At the 
conclusion of this session wiU you tarr\- long enough to register at room looi ? 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 35 

I have also been requested to announce that the only members who are 
exempt from the payment of dues in this congress are those officially appointed 
from the foreign governments and the United States Government. A list of 
these officially appointed members appears on the programme. By some error it 
was suggested that those connected with the Bureau of Fisheries and not officially 
appointed by the United States Government were exempt from dues. I am 
asked to state that those who are employees of the Bureau of Fisheries will 
have the privilege of paying their dues. [Laughter and applause.] 

To regulate the various congresses, of which this is the fourth, it is nec- 
essary that an international commission shall be convened. This commission 
will meet this afternoon at 1.30, after luncheon, in the Arlington Hotel, where 
the luncheon is served; and Doctor Smith will kindly read the names of those 
who are members of this international commission that will provide for the 
next meeting of the congress. 

The Secretary-General. I will explain, Mr. President and gentlemen, 
that this Permanent Commission of the International Fishery Congresses has 
been appointed for the purpose of looking after the affairs of those congresses 
in the interim between the regular meetings; and it has as regular members 
persons selected from countries which have regularly participated in previous 
International Fishery Congresses. However, owing to the absence of a number 
of those members, representatives of countries not officially represented here 
have been invited to act with this permanent commission, and this is the list 
as decided on: Austria, Dr. Heinrich von Kadich; Brazil, Lieut. Radler de Aquino; 
Canada, Prof. E. E. Prince; China, Mr. Chang Po Ling; Great Britain, Mr. O. T. 
Olsen; Germany, Dr. Walther Naumann; Holland, Dr. P. P. C. Hoek; Italy, 
Dr. D. Vinciguerra and Chevalier Guido Rossati; Japan, Dr. T. Kitahara; Mexico, 
Mr. Jose F. Godoy; New Zealand, Mr. H. Stephenson Smith; Peru, Dr. Robert E. 
Coker; Roumania, Dr. Gregoire Antipa; Sweden, Dr. Oscar Nordqvist; United 
States of America, Dr. Hermon C. Bumpus, Dr. Richard Rathbun, and Dr. 
Hugh M. Smith. 

The President. I have been requested to suggest that brief abstracts of 
papers — that is, abstracts that will indicate the contents of the papers — be 
prepared and handed to Doctor Moore. A great many requests have been 
received from the press and from individuals asking for the substance of the 
papers, somewhat more extensive than is given by the title alone. What is 
requested is a brief statement, in writing, of the substance of the papers that are 
to be presented, those abstracts to be left, if you please, on the secretary's desk 
or given directly to Doctor Moore. Is Director Townsend present? 

A Member. He is in the audience, Mr. President. 

The President. With Doctor Sumner's consent, as it is a little late now, 
we will call for Doctor Sumner's paper at another session, and ask Director 
Townsend to present his paper, which is fully illustrated with lantern slides. 



36 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

and on the conclusion of Director Townsend's paper we will proceed to the 
Arlington Hotel for luncheon. 

Mr. FoUett states that in view of there having been a large number of 
applications, or, perhaps, regrets, on the part of members of this congress that 
they were not fortunate enough to see the extraordinary exhibition of moving 
pictures last evening at the Geographical Society building, those pictures will 
again be put on the screen this afternoon at 5 o'clock at the same place, so that 
if you or your friends wish to come at 5 o'clock this afternoon you will be quite 
welcome. 

The chair has been asked the duration of the touring trip this afternoon. 
It will consume practically two hours, the party leaving at 3 and returning 
about 5 o'clock. 

The only other item on the programme this morning is the paper by Director 
Townsend, and I will ask Mr. Townsend to come to the platform. 

Mr. Charles H. Townsend (Director New York Aquarium). Mr. Presi- 
dent and members of the congress, I shall take up only a few minutes of yotu- 
time with this old storj- of the fur-seal fisheries; it is an old story to a great 
many of the officers of the Bureau of Fisheries in Washington. I suppose I can 
give you a ver>' condensed account of it in about fifteen minutes, and then it 
will take about ten or fifteen minutes more to show you a few lantern, slides I 
have brought along. 

[For this paper see pages 315-322.] 

On the conclusion of Mr. Townsend's paper, at 12 o'clock, the congress 
adjourned, and the members proceeded to the Arlington Hotel, where a com- 
plimentary luncheon was tendered by the American Fisheries Society. 

WEDNESDAY .MTERNOON, SEPTEMBER 23. 
RECEPTION BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, AT THE WHITE HOUSE. 

The members of the congress and accompanying ladies assembled at the 
White House, and at 2.30 o'clock were received by President Roosevelt in the 
East Room. The President greeted the members as follows: 

Ladies and Gentlemen: I shall not try to make you any address, because I am to 
have the pleasure of shaking hands with each of you. I shall simply say what a pleas- 
ure it is to me to greet you here. I have grown to feel more and more that the problem 
of the conser\-ation of natural resources is the great material problem before modem 
nations. Savages, barbarians, semicivilized people, and a good many civilized people 
do nothing but waste natural resources, and it is our business as we become more civi- 
lized to try to conser\'e them. That applies exactly as much to fisheries as it does to 
forests. One of the problems that will come up in connection with our treaties with 
foreign nations hereafter must be the arrangement of a method of prescribing inter- 
national fisheries — such fisheries as those in Lake Erie and Puget Sound. It is an outrage 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 37 

to leave them to be squandered so that our children shall lose all benefit from them, and 
some method must be devised by international agreement for preserving them. 
I am glad to have the opportunity of seeing you. 

Each of the members was then presented to President Roosevelt by the 
secretary-general . 

Following the President's reception a group photograph of the delegation 
was taken on the west portico of the Treasury Department building. 

The remainder of the afternoon was spent in an automobile tour of the city 
for sight-seeing. 

At 7.30 o'clock p. m., the members visited the Library of Congress in 
special cars, and were received by officials of the Library. 

MORNING SESSION. THURSDAY. SEPTEMBER 24. 
NEW WILLARD HOTEL. 

The congress was duly called to order by the president at 9.50 o'clock. 

The President. There are here on exhibition a few specimens that were 
submitted in competition for one of the prizes. These three specimens are sub- 
mitted by one competitor. Here [indicating] is another specimen that is sub- 
mitted by another competitor. I hope at your convenience you will examine 
them. 

Are there matters of business to come before the congress? Upon the 
blackboard are listed the papers that will be presented to-day, and as far as pos- 
sible they will be called for in that order. Of course, there are some gentlemen 
who have been unable to get their papers back from the committee on awards. 
We will now call for the first paper, as announced on the board. Dr. W. W. Yen 
is to present a paper on "The Fisheries of China." Doctor Yen, will you please 
come to the platform? 

[This paper will be found on pages 367-373.] 

The President. I think if we had come here merely to listen to this one 
paper we would have been repaid. As an indication of the progress in China, 
not only have we listened to this paper — this astonishing paper — but China has 
also delegated six persons to attend this congress, four of whom you must have 
noted are in constant attendance. The discussion of this paper and the pres- 
entation of other matter bearing upon the progressive attitude that China is 
taking in regard to the fisheries will be undertaken by Mr. Chang Po Ling, who 
is the special commissioner from Tientsin. 

[Mr. Chang, however, asked to be excused, as having had little experience 
in public speaking.] 

The President. At this hour, with your permission, I would ask to be 
relieved of occupying the chair, and will Doctor Hoek kindly take it? 

[Whereupon Vice-President P. P. C. Hoek took the chair.] 



38 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

Dr. Hermon C. Bumpus. Mr. President, on behalf of Doctor Mead, who has 
been working for a number of years upon the problems connected with the 
propagation of the lobster, I would like to present informally to this congress 
reports upon his w-ork, which are submitted in this substantial manner [show- 
ing manuscript and illustrations], and which I trust certain members who are 
interested in this work will examine. 

[Doctor Bumpus then gave an abstract of the two papers by Dr. A. D. Mead, 
"A Method of Lobster Culture" and "A New Principle of Aquiculture," which 
are given in full on pages 219-240 and 759-780.] 

Vice-President HoEK. Gentlemen, in the absence of Doctor Mead, I 
think we ow^e great thanks to Professor Bumpus for the excellent way in which 
he has given us a summary of these most interesting papers. I may say it, 
because they belong to a group of papers submitted to a committee of which I 
have the pleasure and honor to be chairman — the committee on awards. Of 
course, it would be entirely indiscreet to tell you about the conclusion to which 
that committee will come; at the same time, I am perfectly at liberty to say 
that we have at the present moment a very high regard for these excellent papers, 
not only for the contents but also for the excellent way in which these papers 
have been prepared, and the most excellent photographs and illustrations which 
are added to them. So, gentlemen, perhaps it will be of use to have them 
circulated among you, and, by all means, if the gentlemen wish to review them it 
will give me great pleasure to hand them over. 

Before proceeding, the secretary-general is to give you a short announce- 
ment. 

The Secretary-General. The office of the congress has received through 
our State Department communications from practically all of the governments 
of the earth in regard to their participation in this congress. Among the 
absentees which we particularly regret is Russia, a country which has such 
important fisheries and fishery resources. We have received only this morning 
through our State Department a communication from the American ambassador 
at St. Petersburg, in which he states that the foreign office has just advised him 
that they can not be represented at this congress, since they have but two 
fishery experts. Doctor von Grimm, who is an old man and can not get ready in 
time, and Mr. Borodine, who has just completed a term in prison for signing 
the Viborg manifesto, and whom they are unwilling to send on such a mission at 
this time. [Laughter.] 

Vice-President HoEK. We next come, gentlemen, to a paper by Mr. Charles 
G. Atkins, Superintendent of the Fisheries Station at East Orland, Maine, 
entitled "Foods for Young Salmonoid Fishes. " Is Mr. Atkins present? 

Mr. Charles G. Atkins. Mr. President and members of the Fishery Con- 
gress, I have a paper here on food for young salmonoid fishes. I much regret 
that the time at the disposal of the congress does not allow me to read this in 
full, as in the abstract that I shall give you I shall be obliged to omit a great 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 39 

many statements that appear to be important and which I think might be 
interesting to you, but I shall endeavor to give you the gist of it and the most 
important points. 

[Mr. Atkins then presented his paper, which appears on pages 839-851.] 

Vice-President Hoek. I now open the discussion on the beautiful lecture 
we have had from Mr. Atkins. Does anyone wish to ask questions of Mr. Atkins, 
or to communicate something in relation to the subject? If not, then it only 
remains as my duty to extend to Mr. Atkins thanks for his excellent paper. 

I think we now come to the paper of Mr. L. F. Ayson, of New Zealand, 
which will be read by Mr. H. Stephenson Smith. 

Mr. H. Stephenson Smith (New Zealand). I very much regret that we are 
unable to hear the gentleman who is the author of this paper, Mr. L. F. Ayson, 
Superintendent of Fisheries at Wellington, New Zealand. I think a great many 
of the members know him, and know him to be a very able man. I regret that 
he is not here to read it. 

[Thereupon Mr. Ayson's paper on " The Introduction of American Fishes 
into New Zealand" was read. This paper is printed on pages 967-973, and is 
followed by remarks of Mr. H. vStephenson Smith on geographical features of 
New Zealand.] 

Vice-President Hoek. Ladies and gentlemen, you all heard the inter- 
esting paper of Mr. Ayson, as it was read by Mr. Smith, and now perhaps Mr. 
Smith is willing to give further information, if some of the members desire to 
ask questions. 

Mr. Smith. I will have much pleasure in giving any information I can. 

Vice-President Hoek. Should any of you wish to ask Mr. Smith questions 
regarding this paper of Mr. Ayson, he will gladly respond. You heard from him 
that it is not his paper, but that of the Superintendent of Fisheries for New 
Zealand. 

[Mr. John W. Titcomb and Prof. Edward E. Prince discussed the paper. 
See page 974.] 

Dr. T. KiTAHARA (Japan). The Congress may be interested in the results of 
the transplanting of American fishes into the waters of Japan. For this we owe 
much to the kindness of the American authorities. First of all in 1877, 10,000 
eggs of the rainbow trout were transported to the Bureau of Agriculture, Tokyo, 
through the kindness of the fish commissioner of California. It is believed that 
this was the first transplanting to another country ever tried with that species. 
About half the number of the eggs sent died on the way, the remainder were taken 
to Mr. Sekizawa's home, and hatched in the water of the well near his house. The 
resulting fry were liberated in a small pond in the suburb of Tokyo. As the fish 
grew larger the pond became too restricted, so the fish were again transferred to 
another larger pond. In 1879, 20,000 eggs were procured from 5 fish, hatched, and 
distributed to the lakes at Nikko and Wakamatsu (Aiza). Ten years afterwards 



40 BULLETIX OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

(1887), 4,000 fn,- of the same species were liberated in the lake at NLkko, and 
recently, in 1907, 200,000 frv' brought from America in the form of eggs were put 
into the same lake. 

Vice-President Hoek. We had better go on at once to the next paper. 
If I am reHably informed, we shall have considerable discussion on the whitefish 
production of the Great Lakes. May I ask whether Mr. Frank X. Clark, 
Superintendent of the Fisheries Station at Northville, Michigan, is present? 
Will you now give us the pleasure of hearing your paper, sir? 

Mr. Frank N. Clark. Mr. President, ladies, and gentlemen, having received 
a communication from the secretar\'-general of this congress requesting me to 
prepare something upon a subject which comprises the study and labor of the 
past forty years of my life, and realizing that the papers which would be sub- 
mitted at this meeting for your thought and consideration would be innumerable, 
I have concluded that a mere outline of my plan for the promotion of the white- 
fish industr}- of the Great Lakes is the most that would be proper for me to 
submit to you on this occasion. In preparing the following paper I was not 
unmindful of the desirability of eliminating, in so far as possible, complicated 
and tiresome matter. 

pir. Clark then read his paper, "A Plan for Promoting the Whitefish Produc- 
tion of the Great Lakes," which appears on pages 635-642.] 

A ^Iember. There are two more papers on this subject. Each one advocates 
an open season during the spawning season of the whitefish, and each one 
proposes remedies verv' similar to those of Mr. Clark. I therefore move, sir, 
that before having any discussion on this paper the other papers be read. 

[The motion was duly seconded and carried.] 

Vice-President Hoek. I have the pleasure now to say that the paper of 
Mr. S. W. Downing, superintendent of the L'nited States Fisheries Station at Put- 
in-Bay, Ohio, will be read by Mr. Titcomb. 

[Mr. Downing's paper appears on pages 627-633.] 

^'ice-President Hoek. Professor Ward, will you be so kind as to read 
for us the paper of Mr. Paul Reighard of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 
Mich., on this same subject? 

Prof. Henry B. W.ard. I have, Mr. President and gentlemen, been re- 
quested to read the paper by Mr. Reighard on a plan to promote the whitefish 
production of the Great Lakes. It is my intention, even at the risk of doing 
the paper injustice, to present merely a few words of the introduction and the 
conclusions. 

[The paper of Mr. Reighard was then read in abstract, and appears in full 
on pages 643-684.] 

Vice-President Hoek. Gentlemen, we have had three papers on that inter- 
esting question, the promotion of the whitefish production of the Great Lakes, 
and it is understood that the discussion of the question shall take place in the 
afternoon; and I have now the pleasure of calling on Mr. J. W. Titcomb, the 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 41 

chief of the division of fish culture, United States Bureau of Fisheries, to give 
us his lecture on American fish-cultural methods. 

A Member. While the lantern is being made ready, I would make the 
announcement that the chairmen and secretaries of the several committees on 
award are requested to meet on this side of the room immediately following 
the lecture. 

[The lecture of Mr. Titcomb was then delivered. It will be found on pages 

697-757-] 

Vice-President Hoek. Three cheers for the Bureau of Fisheries, and our 
thanks to Mr. Titcomb for his very interesting exhibit and explanation. 

Thereupon, at 12.45 p. m., the congress adjourned to meet at 2.30 p. m., 
and the members were tendered a complimentary luncheon at the New Willard 
Hotel by the Blue Ridge Rod and Gun Club. 

AFTERNOON SESSION. THURSDAY. SEPTEMBER 24. 

NEW WILLARD HOTEL. 

The congress was called to order by the president at 2.30 o'clock. 

The President. The time has come for our afternoon session. I shall first 
call for the report of the international commission which is in charge of the 
affairs of the congress. Doctor Smith, secretary-general, will present the report. 

Doctor Smith. Mr. President, ladies, and gentlemen, a meeting of the Per- 
manent Commission of the International Fishery Congresses was held yesterday, 
the 23d of September. The members of this commission in attendance were 
Messrs. Bumpus (chairman) , von Kadich, Yinciguerra, Rossati, Antipa, Nordqvist, 
de Aquino, Olsen, Naumann, Godoy, Bengoechea, and H. M. Smith (secretary). 

Doctor Yinciguerra presented an invitation from the Italian Fisheries 
Society to meet in Rome in 19 11, on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of 
the Italian Federation. An invitation was likewise received from the mayor 
of Rome. The commission unanimously accepted the invitation and agreed to 
report the same to the congress for final ratification. 

Dr. Walther Naumann, representing the German Fisheries Society, 
announced that at the next congress an invitation to meet in Germany would 
be formally presented. 

The proposition of Mr. Nicholas Borodine for an international dictionary of 
fishing and fish-cultural terms was indorsed, and the secretary was instructed 
to bring the matter to the attention of the congress, with a favorable recom- 
mendation to the committee on resolutions. 

After some further business that need not come before the general congress, 
the commission adjourned. 

The President. You have heard the report of the secretary of this com- 
mission. A motion to adopt the report is in order. 

A Member. I move, sir, that the report be adopted. 



42 BtXLETIX OF THE BVREAU OF FISHERIES. 

The President. The motion has been made favoring the adoption. Is this 
motion seconded? 

[The motion was duly seconded.] 

The Presidext. The matter is now open to discussion. Are there those 
who wish to discuss this report? If not, the motion wiU be put. 

[The motion was duly carried.] 

The President. Are there other matters to come before the congress? 

Doctor A'ixciguerra. I am sorr\- that I can not well explain in EngHsh my 
deep gratification and that of my country- in realizing that the congress has 
agreed to accept the in\-itation of the Italian Fisheries Society ; and I am sure 
that the members of the congress in Italy will be fotmd in accord in a reception, 
if not so great as in America, as kind and as friendly as that we have had here. 
[Applause.] 

The President. I am asked to convene the committee on resolutions. 
The committee on resolutions will meet immediately after this afternoon session, 
and the members of that committee I shall again announce, so that there may 
be no misunderstanding. They are Prof. Edward E. Prince, Dr. Tarleton H. 
Bean, and the secretarv-general. 

Is there other matter for consideration, Mr. Secretary? 

The Secret.\ry -General. The oflBce is in receipt of a cablegram from the 
Uruguav Lobos Fishing Company, invol\-ing a matter which had probably 
better be referred to the committee on resolutions, but which it might not be 
out of order to read : 

London, Scf^Umber 24, igo8. 
Secret.\ry Intern.\tion.\l Fishery Congress, 

Washingion. 

Considering the terrible slaughter of seals due to poaching, would the congress 
see their way to include the question of pelagic sealing in their deliberations, as, if 
seals are not protected by international agreement, the species will disappear within 
ver%' few vears. 

Uruguay Lobos Fishing Comp.vn-y. 

The President. A second communication has been received. 
The Secret.\ry-Gen-eral. This is from Mr. Edward Hatch, jr., and reads 
as follows : 

New York, September 23, igoS. 
Intern.\tion.\l Fishery Congress, 

Washington, D. C. 
Please do not fail in your deliberations to call attention to the great damage done 
the fish industrs- bv sewage and manufacturing wastes. 

Edward Hatch, Jr. 

The President. What is your wish in regard to these two important 
communications that have come to us by wire? Ordinarily tliey would be 
referred to the committee on resolutions. 

[A motion to this effect was made, seconded, and carried.] 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 43 

The President. Is there anything more, Mr. Secretary? If not, the next 
item on the programme is the discussion of the whitefish question. I have been 
informed that this is a rather important matter everywhere; and the chair, 
in view of the large number who will probably speak upon the question, will 
apply rather severely the instructions which he has received in regard to the 
limitation of the time taken by various disputants. We want a large number 
to speak, but the time is three minutes, unless the chair is otherwise instructed. 

It is also suggested that this discussion may be a rather long one, and it 
might be wise to place a limit upon the total amount of time that we shall give 
to the first item on the programme. Is anyone prepared to make a motion that 
the time assigned to this question, namely, the whitefish production of the 
Great Lakes, shall be limited ? 

A Member. I move that a limitation of forty minutes be placed on the 
entire discussion. 

The President. The motion is made that the time for the entire discussion 
be limited to forty minutes. Are there any who approve? Are there any 
who object to this limitation? 

A Member. I hope that this motion will not prevail. It is one of the 
most important cjuestions to come before this congress, and I think three 
minutes given each speaker ought to be sufficient limitation without any 
further restriction. 

The President. The chair hears no second to the original motion. If the 
motion has not been seconded, there is no need of our taking action thereupon. 
We will proceed to the discussion of the whitefish question. 

[The subject was discussed at length by Prof. Edward E. Prince, Mr. C. H. 
Wilson, Hon. Paul North, Mr. A. Kelly Evans, Dr. Barton W. Evermann, Dr. 
Tarleton H. Bean, Mr. Charles E. Fryer, Mr. Frank N. Clark, Mr. John W. 
Titcomb, Mr. William E. Meehan, Mr. Seymour Bower, Prof. E. A. Birge, Mr. 
W. T. Thompson, Mr. J. J. Stranahan, Mr. Samuel F. FuUerton, and Mr. Dwight 
Lydell. The remarks of these members will be found in the order given, the 
discussion beginning on page 685.] 

The President. Are there others who wish to contribute? If not, the 
discussion will be closed. Unless there is objection to closing, we shall call for 
the paper by Dr. P. P. C. Hoek, upon the Rhine salmon. [Applause.] Professor 
Prince, will you kindly take the chair as vice-president? [Applause.] 

[Thereupon Prof. Edward E. Prince took the chair. 

Doctor Hoek then read his paper entitled, " Propagation and Protection of 
the Rhine Salmon," which appears on pages 817-829.] 

Vice-President Prince. I am sure you will bear out the policy of the 
chair in not rigidly limiting Doctor Hoek, but giving him as much time as we 
could reasonably allow, because this paper, like every memoir with which 



44 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

Doctor Hoek has favored the piscicultural world, is so full of real worth that it 
would have been a pity to omit any part of it. 

I have no doubt there are some present who have some questions to ask. 
Now will be the opportunity for any comments or questions, but I must warn 
the congress that the observations must be very brief. 

[The paper was briefly discussed by Prof. E. I'). Prince and Doctor Hoek, 
whose remarks appear on page 829.] 

Vice-President Prince. Gentlemen, as the time is passing rapidly and 
there seem to be no questions on this paper of Doctor Hoek, although we 
appreciate it very much as a valuable paper and record of personal observations, 
we shall proceed to the next, by Mr. W. S. Kincaid, who is to read a paper on 
"New Methods of Transporting Eggs and Fish." Is Mr. Kincaid present? 
[No response.] In the absence of Mr. Kincaid, we shall have to proceed to 
the next paper. The secretary -general will read a paper by Professor Matsubara. 

The Secretary-General. Mr. President and gentlemen, this paper by 
Prof. S. Matsubara, on "Goldfish and Their Culture in Japan," is of great 
interest to many people, but I do not know that we have the time or opportunity 
to read it in extenso. I should certainly like to call attention to the contents of 
the paper and exhibit some of the admirable colored paintings which accompany 
it. Professor Matsubara is the Director of the Imperial Fisheries Institute at 
Tokyo, Japan, and, as we know, the goldfish receives more attention in Japan 
than in any other country. 

[The paper was then read in abstract, and will be found in full on pages 
.^8 1-397- 

President Bumpus at this point resumed the chair.] 

The President. This paper is open for discussion. We have an interesting 
paper by Professor Prince on the "Training and QuaHfications of the Modem 
Fish Culturist. " 

I am sure no one has been more surprised than I, during this afternoon's 
session in particular, at the amount of accurate information that seems to be 
on hand among the men who are connected with the various fish hatcheries of 
the country. I wonder where it is possible to find such men. I sat here wonder- 
ing that the United States Government can succeed in getting these perfectly 
splendid men — men who are specialists, that do this work so well and know it 
in all its branches and ramifications. Now, I imagine, although I have not seen 
the paper that is about to be presented, that there is a plan for the direct training 
of such individuals. 

Prof. Edward E. Prince. Mr. President and gentlemen, I fully agree 
with the words which 3'ou have just expressed in regard to the gentlemen who 
have appeared before us to-day, who are the practical fish culturists. WHiat 
I have to bring before you will occupy only five or six minutes, because I 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 45 

intend merely giving the main points of my paper, which is rather in the way of 
suggestion than of a set treatise or essay. 

[This paper was then read in abstract.] 

The President. Members of the congress, this interesting paper is open 
for discussion. I think that we all feel that the ground has been pretty well 
covered by Professor Prince. The fact that the paper is not being discussed 
does not indicate that we have not been very much interested in and instructed 
by Ustening to it. 

May I ask if the secretary-general has the paper by Mr. Franz von Pirko, 
"The Naturalization of American Fishes in Austrian Waters?" 

The Secretary-General. Mr. von Pirko has been obhged to leave the 
city, and I shall not read his paper, but shall simply state that he has gone to 
the trouble to write it in excellent English and to give us for distribution 
copies of it printed in German. These will be distributed to those who 
desire them, and the paper will simply be read by title and pubUshed in full in 
the proceedings. [See pages 977-982.] 

The President. I am instructed to state that all of the papers that have 
been submitted to the conference and reports of the discussions taken by the 
stenographer will be pubUshed by the United States Government and distributed. 

We now come to the last subject on the programme for this afternoon, the 
dogfish question, to be opened by Professor Field, and to be discussed by Messrs. 
Fryer, Nordqvist, Gill, Whitman, Prince, and others. 

Prof. Irving A. Field. Mr. President and gentlemen, I am asked to start 
the discussion this afternoon on the dogfish question. Before entering on that, 
I wish to say a few words on the mussel. The title of the paper which was 
called for yesterday and the day before is, "Sea Mussels and Dogfish as Food." 
I have here a few samples of preserv^ed mussels and dogfish, which I shall pass 
around. 

[Professor Field's paper appears on pages 241-248, and following it is the 
discussion, which was participated in by the president. Dr. Oscar Nordqvist, Dr. 
Theodore Gill, Mr. Charles E. Fryer, Mr. T. E. Libby, Mr. Charles G. Atkins, 
Mr. John J. Pew, Prof. E. E. Prince, Dr. George W. Field, Mr. Walter E. 
Hathaway, Mr. E. C. Whitman, and Prof. Irving A. Field.] 

The President. If there are no more contributors to this discussion, a 
motion to adjourn will be put. 

The Secretary-General. Before the motion is put, I would like to sug- 
gest that, in view of the lateness of the hour, the committee on resolutions do 
not meet this evening, but instead at 9 o'clock to-morrow forenoon, in this 
room. 

Thereupon, at 6 o'clock p. m., the congress adjourned until 9.30 o'clock 
Friday morning. 



46 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

MORNING SESSION. FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 23. 
NEW WILLARD HOTEL. 

The congress was duly convened by the president at 9.45 o'clock. 

The President. We will now begin our work. Are there any matters to 
be presented by the secretary ? 

The Secretary-Gener-VL. Mr. President and gentlemen, many messages 
of good will and greeting have come to the congress from persons who are 
prevented from being with us. The cable message from the distinguished 
president of the Third International Fishery Congress has already been read. 
Among the other messages received have been the following: 

Mr. Nicholas Borodine, Secretary-General of the Second International 
Fishery Congress and late Chief SpeciaUst in Fish Culture in the Russian Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, asks that his best wishes be given to the members of the 
congress, and to those members who remember liim he sends his special regards 
and his assurance that though tmavoidably absent he is with them in spirit. 

Dr. David Starr Jordan, United States International Fishery Commissioner, 

writes: 

Will you kindly present my compliments to the Fishery Congress and express to 
them ray interest in their work? It is a matter of sincere regret to me that I can not 
be present at this auspicious meeting. The affairs of the university, combined with 
the work of the International Commission of Fisheries, occupy all my available time, 
and I must forego the honor and the pleasure of being associated wnth this convention. 

Mr. H. Wheeler Perce, president of the National Association of Scientific 
Angling Clubs, has written a very interesting letter, which will be published 
among the papers of the congress. [See pages 193-198.] 

Greetings have come from — 

Dr. E. L. Mark, of the Zoological Laborator}- of Harvard University, at 
Cambridge, Mass., and Director of the Biological Station at Hamilton, Bermuda. 

Prof. Dr. Bruno Hofer, of the Royal Bavarian Research Station for Fisheries, 
Munich, Germany. 

Dr. Ernst Ehrenbaum, of the Royal Biological Experiment Station at 
Helgoland, Germany. 

Dr. H. Henking, of the German Fisher\- Society, BerHn, Germany. 

Prof. Jules Cotte, of the Marine Zoological Station of the University of 
Marseille, France. 

I would also like to bring to the attention of the congress at this time 
some recently published or manuscript works which have been presented by 
their respective authors for the information of the congress. 

[The secretarv'-general read a list of the works that had been submitted, 
which list, with later additions, appears on page 74.] 

The President. Mr. FuUerton has just spoken to me about a matter of 
general misunderstanding in regard to the whitefish question, and it seems to 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 47 

me to be of sufficient importance to be brought again before the attention of the 
congress. I will ask him kindly to make that statement made to mc a moment 
ago. 

[Mr. FuUerton's statement appears on page 695.] 

The President. Unless there is some other business to be transacted before 
we proceed to the reading of the papers, the chair will now call for the papers 
as Hsted on the blackboard. 

Doctor Meek, will you give the initial paper this morning? 

Dr. S. E. Meek (Field Museum, Chicago). I have some lantern slides. 

The President. Is the operator not here? Then, in view of Doctor Smith's 
return, I will ask the secretary-general to present the paper of Mr. N. Borodine. 

The Secretary-General. It will probably be desirable, Mr. President, to 
refer this communication to the committee on resolutions. Mr. Borodine writes 
as follows: 

PROPOSAL FOR AN INTERNATIONAL CONDENSED DICTIONARY OF THE TERMINI TECHNICI 
USED IN THE FISHERIES AND FISH CULTURE. 

One of the most important tasks of the International Fishery Congress is to make as 
easy as possible the study of the state of the fisheries and fish culture in all countries and 
to unite efforts of the specialists for the advancement of applied science concerning 
fishery matters and of the fishery industries themselves. A great obstacle to this, 
however, as to all other branches of science, is the difference of the languages in which 
the works on ichthyology, fish culture, and the fisheries are printed, and in the difficulty, 
well known to every body of colleagues, when they try to understand even only the 
most important points, such as conclusions, statistical tables, explanation of figures, 
etc., of a work written in an unfamiliar language. It is impossible to overcome this 
difficulty with an ordinary dictionary, because termini technici are not to be found 
there, and they are often very different even in the same language. 

Having had, in the character of editor of the Revue Internationale de Peche et de la 
Pisciculture, much to do with tlie periodicals and books on fisheries and fish culture 
written in all European languages, I know very well, by my own experience, how diffi- 
cult it is, for instance, to make any use of the works written in Danish, Dutch, Hun- 
garian, and other seldom-learned languages. Though the Latin saves us the difficulty, 
so far as concerns the names of fishes, it can not help us to understand all the other things 
in the book, sometimes the most interesting. Therefore I have always thought it 
would be very useful if the specialists of all countries would draw up a kind of little 
information book or dictionary in which should be found (i) names of all commercial 
fishes and other fishes and animals that are of some interest to the fishing industries, 
to sportsmen, and in fish culture; (2) denominations of the most important fishing 
appliances used by professional fishermen and sportsmen; (3) denominations of fisherj' 
vessels, boats, and the principal vessel implements; (4) denominations of the principal 
fishery products; (5) measures, weights, utensils, etc., used in fishery business, also the 
different moneys; (6) list of the principal termini technici used in fish culture. All of 
these denominations ought to be given in the following languages: French, English, 
German, Italian, Spanish, Norwegian, Swedish, Dutch, Russian (with Latin and Rus- 
sian letters), Hungarian, Roumanian, and Japanese (with Latin and Japanese letters). 
Moreover, names of fishes should also be given, it should be understood, in Latin. 

To accomplish such a work is not possible but in a collective way, with collaboration 
of the specialists of each country upon the six categories mentioned above. Naturally 
the book should first of all be written, as full as possible, in one of the languages, and then 



4S BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

the proper parallel termini technici should be given in other languages, and the list 
should be completed by adding the new ones, which may not exist at all in other languages, 
simply because there are no such objects. To avoid misunderstanding, it is to be desired 
that the original list of termini technici should be accompanied by some explanation 
of the kind used in the condensed dictionaries (Larausse, Webster, and others). The 
original list should be reproduced in several copies for distribution among the specialists 
of all countries where the above-mentioned languages are in use, and every specialist, or 
many of them, should give a parallel list of the names and of the termini technici used in 
fisheries in his own country. It is necessary, further, that all these papers should be 
under direction of one and the same hand in order to give them one system and similar 
editorial. lines. In such a state the work may then be presented to the next congress, 
by which it should be, if found good, approved, such approbation by the congress being 
desired in order to fix the terminology, to unify it, and thus to facilitate the use of 
different books and papers in future. 

Such is a general plan for drawing up an international book of information, or 
dictionary of fisheries and fish culture. I should say in addition that the charge of 
writing the original list we should beg our German colleagues to take on themselves, for 
these reasons: First of all, the German terminology in fisheries and fish culture is more 
elaborated and detailed; besides which, in the German " Handbuch der Fischzucht und 
Fischerei," by Professors Benecke, Dallmer, and M. von dem Borne, we find already 
the primitise of what should be included in the proposed dictionary. 

There is another question: What institution, or what persons, should be engaged 
to ree that the work is completed at the proper time? It would be natural to give this 
in charge to the "Conseil permanent de la peche," an executive organ of the Inter- 
national Fishery Congresses. But this institution, as is well known, gives no sign of 
existence. Or, it would be possible to give this task to the organizing committee of 
the next congress. But experience shows us that this committee can scarcely accom- 
plish such a task, because it as a rule is not itself organized until a short time before the 
opening of the congress and has too much work to do at that time. It remains to propose 
that this work be intrusted to another permanent institution having direct relations 
with the fisheries, it being better, of course, if such institution be of international char- 
acter. The only institution of this kind, so far as I know, is the "Conseil international 
(and bureau of it) pour I'exploration des mers du Nord." If the honorable and highly 
esteemed secretary of that institution and the members thereof assisting in this congress 
find ray proposal practicable and will be kind enough to render their assistance in the 
matter, it will be certain that the work will be done. 

It will be understood that if my proposal is accepted this congress shall appoint per- 
sons from each country to write the respective parts of the whole work. As to the 
printing of the book, it would be more practicable for each country to have a separate 
edition, because the alphabets naturally should be the national ones. Then the ques- 
tion of expense for the printing, etc., would be each country's own business. 

I have, then, the honor to submit to the Fourth International Fishery Congress at 
Washington the following proposal for a resolution: 

1 . That it be recognized as desirable and useful to draw up an international diction- 
ary on fisheries and fish culture in twelve languages, according to the plan outlined 
above. 

2. That the writing of the original text of this dictionary (in German) be intrusted 

to , and the writing of the parallel texts in other languages, or the 

responsibility therefor, be given to 

3. That the relations with collaborators for the compiling of this information book 
be intrusted to the bureau of the "Conseil international pour I'exploration des mers du 
Nord," which institution will have the right to fix the time for delivering the papers by 
collaborators in each country, and will provide for unity of form for the whole, bearing 
in mind, however, that the manuscript of the book, quite ready for printing, shall be 
presented to the next congress for approval. 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 49 

The President. Ordinarily communications of this kind, that involve 
recommendation for indorsement, are referred to the committee on resolutions. 
The paper, however, may be discussed, if you wish, or the chair will entertain 
a motion to refer to the committee on resolutions. 

Lieutenant DE Aquino (Brazil). I think we should put in the Portuguese 
language, which I believe is being spoken by more than 30,000,000 people, and 
therefore ought not to be left out, although putting in another language would 
raise the number to thirteen, which may not prove very lucky. I would like 
to present the suggestion that to the twelve languages be added the Portuguese 
language. 

The President. Will it serve the purpose if the secretary-general of the 
congress is instructed to so communicate with the editor of the dictionary ? 

Lieutenant de Aquino. Yes, sir. 

The President. That will be sufficient ? 

Lieutenant DE Aquino. Yes, sir. 

Mr. O. T. Olsen. This subject is a matter to which I have given a great 
deal of thought and at which I am working. The unification of fish names, I 
think, is a very desirable thing, and we ought to have done it at this congress. 
To do it here is impossible, for when we disperse to-morrow what work we have 
done is finished, and there is nobody to carry it on for the next three years. 

I may say with regard to the different languages suggested for the dictionarv, 
to my way of thinking it would not be desirable to have all those languages in 
one book, inasmuch as if I read the book in English, the Spanish or the Japanese 
language is no use to me, and there would be so many sections of the book simplv 
lying dead, not being used. Now, I have a different scheme, and that is to 
have one book in one language, say in English, and when compiled to have it 
translated into the different languages. I would have a number for each sen- 
tence or for each subject, which could be referred to; this number should corre- 
spond in all the languages, so that if, we may say, a Russian wishes to get the 
same meaning in Russian as in English he would simply have communicated to 
him the number and the reference number, and then he can read in his own lan- 
guage. Then there would be no necessity of having so much matter within the 
covers of the book used. That is one thing. 

The next, Mr. President, is that I am at present compiling a work for the 
fishermen — that is, the deep-sea fishermen. The subjects to be treated are 
navigation, the rule of the road, oceanography, fish culture at sea, a little natural 
history, just sufficient for the fishermen in their calling; and there will also be 
a chapter on steam, sufficient for them in case of breakdown to repair their 
engines and get to port, and a few matters like this which I have compiled and 
I am compiling. And I should be very glad if anyone present who hears me 
and who feels inclined would supply me, for insertion in that book, any kind 



50 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

of information respecting an}' of those subjects that I have mentioned. I'his 
book is called for. It has been called for for several years. I have issued 
two editions of The Fishermen's Practical Navigator, of which this will be the 
third, brought up to date; and it includes steam fishing vessels, with all the 
modern improvements and gear. I should be ^•ery pleased to hear from anyone 
who is for progress in the same direction. 

The President. A motion to refer to the committee on resolutions is in 
order, unless there is further discussion. 

[The motion was made and duly seconded.] 

The President. The motion has been made and seconded, and if there are 
no objections the chair will so refer. 

The paper by Mr. William P. Seal, namely, "Fishes in their Relation to the 
Mosquito Problem," is a paper that the chair has received several requests for, 
and if Mr. Seal is here, or if there is some one here who will present the paper 
for him, that paper will be the one now called for on the programme. [After a 
pause.] Mr. Seal is in attendance, I am informed, but he seems to be out at the 
present moment. [For this paper see pages 831-838.] 

Then the paper by Professor Wilson, which is "On the Development of 
Sponges from Tissue Cells Outside the Body of the Parent," will be called for, 
and I shall ask Doctor Moore if he will kindly introduce the discussion on this 
paper when the reading is finished. 

[Prof. II. V. Wilson presented his paper, which appears on pages 1265-1271.] 

The President. Are vou willing to leave these specimens on the table, 
Professor Wilson, for a little opportunity to examine them? Perhaps Professor 
Wilson will be willing to meet you at the close of this session for a few moments, 
and explain the preparations to those who care for a special explanation. 

Doctor Moore has asked me to state that he has a number of things to 
attend to just now, and that he would prefer not to undertake to discuss the 
paper of Professor Wilson. Nevertheless, he would like me to state that in the 
basement of the building of the Bureau of Fisheries there is an exhibit that 
shows the process of budding and growth of commercial sponges. You will find 
an exhibit made there which represents the work that the I'nited States Bureau 
of Fisheries has done during the experiments for some years past in this most 
important matter. 

Are there other questions to be asked of Professor Wilson from the floor? 
If not, I shall ask Doctor Evermann to present in abstract the paper, " Experi- 
ments in the Artificial Propagation of Freshwater Mussels," by Prof. George 
Lefe\Te and Prof. W. C. Curtis. 

Dr. B. W. Everm.vnn (V. S. Bureau of Fisheries). Mr. President and gen- 
tlemen, I regret very much that neither Doctor Lefevre nor Professor Curtis has 
found it possible to be present at this congress. We all felt, however, that 
something should be said regarding certain experiments which they have been 
carrying on. I shall not present the formal paper which they prepared, but 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 5 1 

shall give you a more or less rambling talk concerning some of the (juestions, at 
least, which are dealt with in their formal paper. 

[The paper by Professors Lefevre and Curtis will be found on pages 615-626.] 

Mr. Paul North (Ohio). Will you kindly explain in reference to the col- 
ored buttons? 

The President. Mr. North asks a question. I learn that those which are 
discolored — are not uniform in color — are smoked by putting into nitrate of 
silver, and made into what is called the "smoky pearl." There is a small 
demand for buttons of other colors, and those are produced by using aniline 
dyes, by which they can be made red, blue, and the different colors obtainable 
in the aniline dyes. 

The members may have noted the various exhibits that have been brought 
to the congress, with certain papers submitted in competition for prizes, and 
material that has been presented here by those who have been good enough to 
contribute to the programme. This material has been arranged in front of the 
desk, and those who are interested in discussing it will kindly come to the desk 
at the conclusion of the sessions. And I shall ask those who have contributed 
the material to please install themselves as demonstrators of the respective 
exhibits. 

Will the honorable Mexican minister, Mr. Jose F. Godoy, please come to the 
platform? [Applause.] 

Mr. GoDOY. Mr. President and members of the Fourth International Fishery 
Congress, it is with great pleasure that I address you these few words to inform 
you that the Government I have the honor to represent here has felt great 
interest in, and attaches great importance to, the meeting of this congress. The 
discussions held at these sessions and the conclusions to be determined upon will 
no doubt greatly aid the Mexican Government in framing ampler regulations on 
the subject of fisheries, and I hope will also serve to establish measures looking 
to the preservation and increase of our fish industry. 

Permit me, in the name of President Porfirio Diaz, whose progressive and 
enlightened administration of affairs is well known to most of you, to present 
you his greetings and his best wishes for the success of your important labors. 
Permit me also to inform you that the Department of Promotion, which has the 
subject of fisheries under its charge in my country, and which at present is 
directed by Minister Olegario Molina, a most active and efficient cabinet officer, 
is looking to the results of the labors of this congress as a guide for its future 
work along the lines that may be pointed out in the deliberations of this inter- 
national gathering. 

To me, who have had the privilege of residing some time in Washington, the 
cordiality shown in the reception accorded to the members of this congress here 
has not been surprising. We all know the well-earned reputation for courtesy 
and hospitality which the inhabitants of Washington enjoy, and therefore it was 



52 BULLETIX OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

to be expected that the welcome extended in this city to the members of this 
congress would be, as it has been, most warm and cordial. 

The well-chosen words with which the Acting Secretary of State, Mr. Adee, 
received the delegates, and the timely and thoughtful address of the Secretary of 
Commerce and Labor, as well as the hearty manner in which Commissioner W'est 
extended the city's welcome, were but a forerunner of the enthusiastic way in 
which this congress was to be treated. Xo less hearty was the reception accorded 
to its members by His Excellency President Roosevelt, the honored head of this 
nation, whose warm hand grasp and frank and eloquent utterances were indic- 
ative that he was in hearty approval of the labors of this congress. These 
indications, as well as the interest shown in the work of this convention by the 
enlightened press of this city, and the facilities and advantages afforded by the 
well-established libraries and museums of Washington, no doubt have con- 
tributed to spur on the investigation and resolution of the subjects here for 
discussion. ' 

And let me not forget, among the advantages enjoyed by us, the timely 
election made of our president and secretary. I know full well that Mr. Bumpus 
and Mr. Smith are not fishing for compliments, but I can assure you that we 
gathered in our nets the best president and secretary that we could have selected. 

Under such auspicious circumstances the work of this congress has gone on, 
and when such work shall be finished I think that all of you will say with me 
that we are proud to be members of the Fourth International Fisherj- Congress, 
and to have contributed, even if it is but by our close attention and hearty 
applause, to the far-reaching and important labors of those who organized this 
gathering and carried it on to a successful conclusion. 

Thanking all of you for your kind attention, as also for the undeser\-ed honor 
of having been selected as one of your vice-presidents, I again convey to you 
Mexico's greetings and good wishes. 

The President. Secretar>--General Smith has a communication from 
Ecuador. 

The Secretary-General. I have had placed in my hand by Senor Don 
Esteban F. Carbo, who represents the Republic of Ecuador, a communication, 
which, with your permission, I will read: 

Honorable DelEG.\TEs: As delegate for Ecuador to the International Fisheries 
Congress, 1 have the honor to call your illustrious attention toward a new and hitherto 
unknown field of activity for the interesting, valuable, and productive industry of 
fisheries. I speak with reference to Ecuadorian waters, and especially of the Colon 
Archipelago (Galapagos Islands), which belongs to the Republic of Ecuador and is situated 
about 500 nautical miles from the coast of said country, and enjoys the old and well 
merited reputation for its magnificent geographical position, its splendid climate, smooth 
seas which surround it, and for the abundant and choice resources in turtles, grouper 
(known by the native name of mero), and infinite and rich varieties of other fish. The 
(Sovemment of Ecuador is ready to extend all facihties and its decided support to the 
enterprise or enterprises which \vill propose to dedicate themselves to the fisheries of the 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 53 

archipelago, which could be converted into one of the most productive industries in 
the world. 

The location of the islands of the Colon Archipelago, as I expressed before, could not 
be more advantageous to the fishing industry, on account of the facilities to ship their 
products to all markets. The opening of the Panama Canal will augment those facilities, 
providing at the same time the advantage of maritime commerce, because a large number 
of vessels will stop on their voyages to and from North America, South America, and 
Australia. 

The circumstance that the ocean which surrounds these islands is tranquil all the 
year round, hurricanes and fogs being unknown, and the undisputed mildness of one of 
the best climates known give to the islands of the archipelago of Colon an exceptional 
opportunity for establishing important fisheries with indubitable benefit for the persons 
who w-ill undertake it and for the whole world which will enjoy the excellence of those 
products. Well-known travelers have made careful studies of the Colon Archipelago 
and they are all consistent with the datum that 1 submit to the congress. 

Small colonies can be established because the soil is rich, the ports are good, there is 
abundance of wild cattle, and the villages that will be erected by those interested in 
fishing may become important cities, there being all the facilities for living. Salt mines 
may be worked on the islands to salt the fish, and the nearby coast of Ecuador has 
numerous mines that are now in operation. 

With the few undetailed facts that I give, gentlemen, I am sure that you will be 
convinced that the fishing industry has a new horizon and that the Archipelago of Colon 
is destined to be one of the most important centers of universal activity in such an 
important branch of the industries. 

The eminent Dr. Teodoro Wolf in his "Geology and Geography of Ecuador" says: 

"The islands of Galapagos lie 9°, or from 500 to 600 nautical miles, from the Ecua- 
dorian coast and are traversed by the equinoctial line. The principal mass of the islands, 
including the 5 largestones — that is tosay, Albemarle, Indefatigable, Narborough, James, 
and Chatham — lies between said line and the first austral degree; only the 3 small ones — 
Abingdon, Bind^oe, and Towers — are north of the line, and 2 not much larger — Charles 
(Floreana) and Hood — south of the first austral degree. There are commonly 13 
islands, adding to the ones I have mentioned those of Barrington, Duncan, and Jervis. 
Furthermore, there are several smaller keys which surround the large islands. The 
longitudinal area of the archipelago, from Chatham to Narborough, measures 53 leagues, 
and the latitudinal from Floreana to Abingdon, 41 leagues, in a manner such that these 
islands are found scattered over an area on the Pacific Ocean of 2,000 square leagues, 
nevertheless reunited in one body they would have an area of 240 square leagues of solid 
ground. Albemarle, the largest, has 13S square leagues. In the inland region of the 
islands the ground is covered with a turf that is green the year round. The thickets 
offer a large variety of trees and shrubs of equal magnificence and verdure." 

Doctor Wolf, in speaking of the colonization of the islands, calls attention to the fact 
that the fishing along the coast of the islands could be elevated to a plane of great impor- 
tance, which would be a fountain of richness to the colonizers and which would give occu- 
pation to a numerous population. There would be in addition numerous subordinate 
industries, such as the taking of the oil from turtles and terrestrial iguanas. 

On the question of harbors and anchorage, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. 
Navy, commanding the United States Fish Commission's steamer.4/6a/ro.f.s-,says: "There 
are no landlocked harbors in the Galapagos, but anchorages are found near most of the 
islands, where a vessel may lie usually with perfect safety. Indefatigable Island affords 
good anchorages from Conway Bay along its northern side to the Seymour Islands; there 
are places also along the northeast side where good protection may be found. Chatham 
Island has several good anchorages. Wreck Bay is the most important, as it is the 
seaport of the Hacienda del Progreso, a large sugar plantation. It is open to the west- 
ward, but particularly i)rotected by Schiavoni reef; there is usually a small swell, but 



54 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

landing or lightering is seldom interrupted. Stevens Bay is superior as a harbor, has 
more room, and has a snug cove which forms an excellent boat landing and harbor for 
small craft or lighters, its smooth beach affording excellent opportunity for hauling them 
out for repairs. Post-Office Bay, 4 miles to the north of Black Beach Road, is one of the 
best anchorages in the Archipelago. It is well protected, with moderate depth of water 
and good holding ground. Landing is practicable at all times." There are many other 
anchorages on these islands too numerous to be mentioned in this brief report. 

Commander Tanner, commenting on the strategical value of the archipelago, goes 
on to say: "The strategical value of the islands is increasing with the advent of modern 
cruisers which are entirely dependent upon steam as a motive power. They are in 
direct route from San Francisco to Callao and Valparaiso, and, in the event of the com- 
pletion of the Panama Canal, they would lie in the route to Australia and New Zealand 
and would become a regular port of call for steamers plying between those places. A 
glance at the map will show the location of the group with reference to the coasts of 
North, Central, and South America, and the value of a coaling station at that point, 
nearly midway between San Francisco and Lota, the southernmost coaling port in the 
Pacific, becomes at once apparent. A modern cruiser could make the run direct from 
San Francisco to the Galapagos, fill up with coal, procure fresh provisions from shore, 
and reach the South American coast with a good supply of fuel, avoiding the longer 
and more expensive route via Acapulco and Panama. The location of the islands in 
the region of the southeast trade winds is particularly favorable for the delivery of coal 
from Australia, Lota, or even from the Atlantic coast. It could be laid down there 
at much less cost than at Acapulco or Panama." 

I ask, therefore, of the honorable delegates of the different countries here represented 
that they be so kind as to call the attention of their countrymen toward the fisheries 
of the Archipelago of Colon (Islands of Galapagos) in the certainty that they will reap 
great rewards. 

The President. Professor Vinciguerra has a communication to present to 
the congress. 

Prof. Decio Vinciguerra. Before this congress adjourns I think it proper 
to call its attention to a subject which was discussed at the International Fishery 
Congresses of St. Petersburg and Vienna, namely, the timeliness of an international 
oceanographic exploration of the Mediterranean Sea in the interest of fisheries. 
The same question was debated at various international geographic congresses, and 
recently at the Geographic Congress of Geneva. I had the honor to report on this 
subject on behalf of the Italian Geographical Society. The importance of this 
proposition was recognized by the Geneva Congress, which has intrusted its 
consideration to a committee, whose presidency has been offered to the Prince 
of Monaco, whose valuable contributions to oceanography are well known. On 
this committee should be represented all nations of the Mediterranean shore, 
the Adriatic and Black seas included. I think it superfluous to tell this congress 
the reasons why the fishery interests of the Mediterranean make this exploration 
impellent, because it is generally known that whatever legislation there may be 
on the matter, and especially that having an international character, can be 
based only upon the knowledge of the life history of fishes and on that of the 
physical conditions of the waters where they live. I confine myself, therefore, to 
the proposition that this congress, reaffirming its former votes, shall approve 
the proposed exploration. 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 55 

The President. You have heard this most interesting communication 
that brings to us business that was begun three years ago. What is vour pleasure 
in regard to the communication that has been thus submitted? 

A Member. It is a matter of very great importance, and I move you, sir, 
that the communication be referred to the committee on resolutions. 

The President. Is the motion seconded? 

[The motion was duly seconded.] 

The President. The motion has been made and seconded. The matter 
is now open to discussion, if you care for discussion. If the chair hears no 
request, then 

Mr. Charles E. Fryer. I would like to ask Professor Vinciguerra whether 
it is proposed that the explorations of the Mediterranean in regard to the interests 
of the fisheries should be limited to the powers which adjoin the Mediterranean, 
or whether other countries would participate. I raise the question for the reason 
that quite recently some English fishing vessels have actually been fishing in the 
Mediterranean, having been tempted to try their fortune on the eastern side of 
the Straits of Gibraltar, and if such practices were to extend it would undoubtedly 
enlarge the sphere of inquiry in which any such committee as is proposed would 
be concerned. All the powers that are likely to take up fishing operations in the 
Mediterranean should, it seems to me, have a share in such a scheme of inves- 
tigations as is proposed. 

Another point to which I should Hke to call attention would be the great 
desirability of especially directing any investigation to those problems which 
immediately atfect the interests of the fisheries. This is a fishery congress, and 
although we all fully recognize that fisheries involve questions of interest in 
many different sciences, still our chief interest is that of fisheries, and I would 
suggest that, just as in the case of the ATorth Sea investigations, the international 
council for which is now sitting in Copenhagen, the first and immediate points 
for consideration should be those which affect the future industrial welfare of 
fishermen and fisheries. 

The President. The stenographer has taken down the remarks of Mr. 
Fryer, and these remarks will become a part of the published reports of this 
congress. If there is definite action on the part of the congress required by Mr. 
Fryer, the chair will be very glad to entertain any motion to that efi'ect; and 
will Professor Vinciguerra kindly reply to the queries that were put to him? 

Professor Vinciguerra. It is the intention of the committee which was 
proposed to invite all nations that have interests on the Mediterranean to take 
a part in these explorations, and three or four members have already been indi- 
cated, because their countries were well represented at the Geneva congress. 
All the other nations, not only of the Mediterranean, but also in the Adriatic and 
Black seas, will have a representative — Roumania, Russia, and also Germany, 
because Germany has a station on the Adriatic Sea; and the representative of 
Germany at the congress in Geneva made the proposition that also Germany 



56 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

must have a member in this committee. And I suppose, for instance, England 
has great interests in the Mediterranean, and without doubt England will be 
entitled to take a part in this enterprise. 

Our thought is to promote the exploration of the ^Mediterranean in the 
interest of the fisheries. Then it is clear that the fisheries interests may be the 
main influence that may be regarded in these explorations. 

I hope that Mr. Fryer now fully understands. 

[The motion before the congress "was carried, and the communication of 
Professor Vinciguerra was referred to the committee on resolutions.] 

The President. I have been requested to read the following communication 
from those who have in charge the luncheon that is to be served to-day by the 
Alaskan Packers' Association, as a compliment to the congress. [Communica- 
tion read.] 

Now, one other matter: There are still some who, because of their interest 
in the programme as rendered in this room, have forgotten to register, and you 
are again asked to kindly register and become organically connected with 
the congress. 

Then there are some who have signified their intention, by handing in their 
names, to attend the subscription banquet this evening, and who have not yet 
received the cards of admission. It would be too bad if any member of the 
congress should come to the Hotel Raleigh this evening, after having prepared 
himself for the banquet, and find that although he had on a "wedding 
garment," nevertheless "he could not enter in.'' [Laughter.] 

Is there other incidental matter to come up before we proceed with the 
reading of papers? There are a few of these [indicating] badges here for those 
members who care for them. 

Doctor Field, will you kindly give an abstract — the substance — of the paper 
submitted by H. C. Rowe? Mr. H. C. Rowe is at the head of one of the largest 
ovster concerns in America, and he entertains the members of the congress on 
our arrival in Fall River on Tuesday morning next. One of Mr. Rowe's steamers 
(he has a large fleet of these steamers, of course) will meet us there at 8 o'clock 
on Tuesday morning and will take us to one of the large oyster beds, and that 
steamer will then show the method of steam dredging and oyster culture that 
is carried on in Narragansett Bay, a method which is used throughout Long 
Island Sound and in the extensive beds still farther south. Doctor Field is 
quite well acquainted with this work in Narragansett Bay. The paper is 
rather long, and Doctor Field will give it to us in abstract. 

Dr. George W. Field. We nmst all regret the absence of Mr. Rowe, who 
would be able to present this to you in a better shape than I can. 

[The paper by Mr. H. C. Rowe was then presented in abstract; the full 
paper appears on pages 259-267.] 

The President. There is some probability that the various committees on 
award will be prepared to make their reports in time to be read at the conclusion 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 57 

of the luncheon this noon. We hope that these committees' announcements may 
be made at that time — at the conclusion of the luncheon in the banquet hall. 

The next paper is one that has been prepared by Professor Reighard, and 
Doctor Ward has consented to give it to us in abstract. Is Doctor Ward 
here? If Doctor Ward is not here, I shall ask for the paper by Mr. Seal. Is 
Mr. Seal here? [No response. This paper is printed on pages 831-838.] 

[At this point Professor Vinciguerra was invited to the chair.] 

Vice-President Vinciguerra. We will, then, now hear the paper by Dr. 
S. E. Meek, of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, entitled "A 
Study of Lakes Amatitlan and Atitlan, Guatemala, with Especial Reference to 
Fish Culture." 

[Dr. Meek's paper was then read.] 

Vice-President Vinciguerra. I now have pleasure in introducing Hon. 
Gifford Pinchot, Chief Forester of the United States Department of Agriculture. 
[Applause.] 

Mr. Gifford Pinchot. Mr. President, ladies, and gentlemen, it is a real 
pleasure for me to foregather with a body of people interested in fishing. I 
should like to assure you that the old proverbial question, "What would you 
rather do or go fishing" has but one answer with me: I would always rather 
fish; and I have accumulated in the course of my life a certain number of 
fish stories, which I shall not inflict upon you here. I know that this is an 
economic congress, and in what I have to say I want mainly to take the economic 
point of view. 

The Forest Service is fortunate in having a very direct relation to the 
fisheries question. It has charge of the area which includes the headwaters of 
the streams which water about two-thirds of the United States; and through 
the 2,500 or 2,600 men who compose its force the opportunity is afforded of 
helping in the preservation of food and game fishes, an opportunity, I should 
like to add, its officers very greatly prize. 

You are well aware that questions of game and fish are reserved to the 
states, and national officers have Httle to do with them, outside the national 
game reserves and national parks, except as they may be also state officers. A 
majority of the rangers in the national forests have in fact become state officers, 
for the purpose of protecting the fish and game, and we are doing what we can 
to enforce state laws and prevent the indiscriminate slaughter of both fish and 
game; and, I think I may venture to say, with some success. 

I suppose there are few questions which more completely show the inter- 
relation of the different natural resources of a country than does the fisheries 
question; and that in its relation not to the forests, but to other resources as 
well. I suppose the majority of the types of fresh-water fish depend directly 
on the conser\-ation of the forests, if not for the very existence of the species, 
at least for its plentiful distribution. That is why the Forest Service has so 
direct a relation to the fisheries question; and in various parts of the country, 



58 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

especially in the national forests in the West, at least a good beginning has 
been made to protect the streams upon which fresh-water game fish depend. 

But it is not by any means enough to protect the forests ; other things must 
come in also. Where we have protected the headwaters of a stream with forest 
cover and are maintaining it, even then there are very serious dangers connected 
with other uses of the land and water which appeal directly, as I should imagine, 
to a congress such as this. For example, where water is used for power a great 
many fish may be killed by the physical arrangement of the apparatus. In 
the same manner, enormous numbers of game fish perish from time to time 
because of the use of the water in which they live for irrigation, and the lack 
of a proper system of protective headgates to keep the fish from getting into 
the irrigation ditches. 

I believe that few things will have a more beneficial influence, in the end, 
on the fisheries of the country than the demand for clear water in our streams 
for city and town supply. The fishery question is thus immediately connected 
with one of the great fundamental problems of conservation in the United 
States, which is to prevent soil wash and so to maintain the fertility of the soil 
on the farms. 

As an illustration of the unity of this great conservation problem, which 
has taken so firm a hold on the people of the United States since it was first 
propounded by the President, I think the fisheries question is one of the best. 

It is a little difficult to connect sea fisheries with forest preservation, and 
yet even in places that connection exists. The condition of the harbors and the 
lower salt reaches of the great rivers is directly affected by the condition of the 
forest cover at the head waters; and thus even here, while the relation is by 
no means so direct, it still exists. 

Therefore — and this is the substance of what I wanted to say to you to- 
day — it seems to me that every single one of the interests that are concerned 
with any phase of this great conservation problem is also concerned with the 
rest of it. You are intimately concerned with forests, water power, irrigation, 
soil conservation, and a number of others. All of these interests in their turn 
are concerned with the preservation and protection of the food and game fish. 

Many of us have been seeking for definite results on definite lines, with a 
good deal of lack of success, and for a good many years we have been working 
too much alone. If the great question of conser\'ation is a single question, 
then it seems to me the natural remedy in this age of combination lies in the 
combination of the interests of all of us who need to get the same things done. 

I have been asking and getting for the National Conservation Commission 
the heartiest and most vigorous support and cooperation for the one central 
object of consers^ation on the part of a very large number of associations that 
are interested in specific and individual parts of the great whole. Your help 
is greatly needed. You are concerned with the business and common-sense 
use of foresight in providing for things which you foresee the need of, as well 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 59 

as in preventing or repairing losses which may happen or have happened. 
The same spirit of looking ahead, the use of the same kind of prudence and 
good sense that a man employs in dealing with his own business affairs, is the 
key to the solution of your problem. So it is of the forest problem, the water- 
power problem, the soil-erosion problem, the navigation problem, which affects, 
of course, your work most intimately; and all the other great individual 
problems concerned in this greatest of all movements. 

So I have wanted to bespeak for the conservation movement the sympa- 
thy and good will of the fisheries men just exactly as the fisheries men should 
have and do have the sympathy and good will and cooperation of the forest 
men; and I should be very glad indeed if in any way whatever the Forest 
Service can more efficiently promote the work you have in hand. I should 
welcome any assistance or advice you may be willing to give for that purpose. 

Thank you very much for your attention. 

Mr. S. G. Worth (Superintendent U. S. Fisheries Station, Edenton, North 
Carolina) . I have listened attentively to the papers and discussions in the sessions 
of this congress, and there is nothing I have heard in these meetings that has 
interested me more, or that has seemed to be a broader-gauged question, than 
the one alluded to by the last speaker. I have been in fish-cultural work for 
something like thirty-one years, and acquainted with the Piedmont section of 
North Carolina during that time. It has been painful to me for many years 
to see the ruin that has taken place in the streams of that section; and when 
I recently rode through the State from Cape Lookout to Asheville, it occurred 
to me that I ought then to sit down and write a newspaper article, encouraging 
the people connected with the state government to take some steps against 
the washing away of the lands. This last speaker has asked for some suggestion 
by which the Forest Service could aid us, and I may make this suggestion to 
him, that in Wake County, N. C, which is the site of the state capitol, there 
is a species of hillside ditching carried on by the cotton and corn farmers of 
that country which obviates almost entirely the washing away of those lands. 
It is a perfected system, which has been in existence there for years. I lived 
for a year on the farm of the late Jesse F. Taylor, where I saw that great land 
improvement which he had effected, and where he had stopped all the land 
wash; and I became acquainted with the principles of that hillside ditching; 
and I recommend to the Forest Service the study and extension of the system 
of hillside ditching referred to, as a universal benefit to fish culture in the 
United States. I would close my remarks by saying that it is one of the 
simplest and cheapest operations that I have ever seen, and may be done 
entirely with a i-horse turn plow and a long-handled shovel. 

The President. Are there others who will make suggestions or remarks? 
If not, the session will adjourn until 2.30 this afternoon. 

Thereupon, at 12.30 p. m., the congress adjourned. 



60 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

At I o'clock the members of the congress were tendered a complimentary 
salmon luncheon by the Alaska Packers' Association in the banquet hall of the 
New Willard Hotel. Mr. C. W. Dorr, vice-president of the association, presided 
at this function, and remarks were made by Commissioner George M. Bowers, 
Hon. John M. Allen, Hon. William R. Wheeler, Mr. Charles E. Fryer, Mr. H. C. 
Bliss, Mr. John H. Wallace, jr.. Prof. Edward E. Prince, and Dr. P. P. C. Hoek. 
At the conclusion of the luncheon Prof. E. A. Birge submitted the report of 
the committee on competitive awards (for which see page 69). 

AFTERNOON SESSION. FRIDAY. SEPTEMBER 25. 
NEW WILLARD HOTEL. 

The congress was called to order by the president at 3.15 o'clock. 

The President. Will the committee on resolutions kindly submit resolutions 
for the general adoption of the congress? We shall now listen to the illustrated 
paper by Prof. E. A. Birge on "The Gases Dissolved in the Waters of Wisconsin 
Lakes. " 

[Professor Birge's paper, followed by discussion by Mr. J. J. Stranahan, 
Dr. Oscar Nordqvist, and Professor Birge, appears on pages 1 273-1 294.] 

Mr. M. G. Sellers (Pennsylvania). Mr. President and gentlemen of the 
congress, it is not my purpose to in any way discuss the scientific feature of 
Professor Birge's paper, but its presentation brings up a very serious question, 
which I thought it might be advisable to express to you to-day. I appear 
before you only in the character of an angler. It is the function of the fish 
commissions to populate inland lakes of the various states. Inland lakes, I 
take it, concern the angler more than they do the commercial fisherman. 

Has it ever occurred to you that outside of a philanthropic effort on the 
part of the owners of the land bordering such lakes, the general public have to 
either pay toll or request the privilege of going in and angling for what the state 
has planted in those waters? I consider that this is a question largely concerning 
the anglers; but, nevertheless, it has a great deal to do with the question of food 
and angling, in so far as it represents the great bulk of the money distributed 
through a state by the sportsmen who seek that kind of pleasure. In my own 
State of Pennsylvania we have not solved that problem. I know of no state yet, 
in the whole United States orln foreign countries, which has solved satisfactorily 
the problem of providing means of ingress and egress for the angling public to 
inland lakes, for the great privilege of enjoying fishing. I had intended to 
bring this subject before j^ou in the shape of a paper, because I think it is a 
burning subject, in that when the state through its departments of a public 
nature propagates fish, to plant them in the waters of the inland lakes, as I have 
described, the general public should, I feel, have some means of ingress and 
egress that thev may partake of what the state has done primarily for their 
benefit. 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 6l 

I do not feel that I ought to take up more time in discussing a problem on 
which I might tire you, but it is a ven,- serious question not only to the State of 
Pennsylvania, as I say, but to all states — the free right of trespass to partake of 
what is hatched in the hatcheries for the benefit of the general public of the 
several states. 

Mr. John J. Pew (Massachusetts). Mr. Chairman, in our state you can not 
exclude the public from fishing in a pond of, I think, lo acres. 

Mr. Sellers. It is 20 acres. 

Mr. Pew. In New Hampshire, I think, a man owned a lake and tried to 
keep the public out of it. The inhabitants were very angry, and they went 
through the fields and entered that lake; and they carried the matter to the 
superior court, which decided that by that law the inhabitants had the right to 
fish in that lake, and it could not be shut up to the people — that was either in 
Maine or New Hampshire. 

Mr. Sellers. I would suggest that in Pennsylvania, as an angler, my first 
duty, about twenty years ago, was to bring about a free right for the public to 
fish streams in which brook trout were planted by the state. Those streams in 
their original nature were created navigable by acts of the assembly, and the 
right of fishing was never mentioned in those acts, which start away back in 
1 814 and continue up to the year 1870. After many years of hard effort, I 
finally succeeded, in 1901, in the State of Pennsylvania, in getting through the 
legislature a bill which accorded to the general public the right to fish those 
navigable streams. 

It may be of great interest to you to know why this is a burning question to 
the State of Pennsylvania. I shall describe a case that has been decided against 
the Commonwealth, in so far as it refers to the public fishing in those waters. 
We have always assumed — in fact, case after case, not getting further than the 
local magistrate, has been decided always in favor of the angler. Usually when 
a stream is well stocked by the state and the fishing becomes good in our thickly 
populated eastern sections, it is a misfortune that about the first thing to happen 
is that someone, or a combination of persons having good success, think it a ver\' 
wise thing to lease the water and have it all to themselves. That occurs fre- 
quently, with the result that one stream in particular, in a section of Pennsyl- 
vania, which was declared navigable by act of assembly in the year 1814, was 
subjected to a test. An angler went into that creek. In order to insure that he 
would not trespass on the riparian right of the owner, he walked down the coun- 
try road and got into the creek from the bridge, and was careful to keep in that 
creek to the point of the highway mark. He was arrested, brought before the 
magistrate, and was fined for trespass. Representing the Pennsylvania Fish 
Protective Association, we appealed that case and took it to the superior court; 
and without taking any more of your time on a question which is not quite 
scientific, we were absolutely beaten, because the constitution of Pennsylvania 



62 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

is declared to be greater than the acts of the legislature, in that there was no 
compensation given to the owner of the land, hence he had a free right to the 
positive control of that creek, not only along its highway, but along the bed of 
the creek. 

Gentlemen, I can not begin to tell you what I feel for tTie angler of Pennsyl- 
vania. I fear that public trout fishing in the State of Pennsylvania will some 
day become a very, very expensive luxury, due to the fact that at the present 
time, unless we go to the Supreme Court of the United States, we do not know 
what that decision might be. We do not know whether we have any public 
fishing waters for trout in the State of Pennsylvania; and my heart goes out to 
the anglers who formerly fished those waters and who may in the future find it 
very expensive to get a little trout fishing. 

Dr. TarlETOn H. Bean (New York). I do not know whether I exactly 
understood the gentleman in his remarks about the State of Pennsylvania in 
regard to providing for the public fishing, but I ought to say that in New York, 
which appropriates, I think, about as much money for fish culture as any other 
State of the Union, no streams except public streams are provided with fish. It 
is not possible for a private owner to secure fish from the state; and when a 
stream has been stocked with fish by the state it becomes public water. There 
were 2,000 streams stocked during the last year with brook trout alone, and every 
one of those streams becomes a stream open to the public for fishing. 

Mr. A. Kelly Evans (Canada). As some reference has been made to the 
State of Maine, and I do not know that the state representative is here, I might 
point out that in that state, which undoubtedly has proved the most successful 
in turning angling and sport into an asset of great wealth to the state, amount- 
ing last year undoubtedly, from its statistics, to twenty-five millions of money 
brought into the state, its system provided this: That in any lake called a big 
pond, of a greater area than 10 acres, anyone can go and fish, even if an individual 
owns the land completely surrounding it, unless that land is cultivated. If it is 
not cultivated and is, comparatively speaking, wild land, the only action the 
owner can take is to bring the man who comes in and fishes on the lake before 
the courts; and the owner must prove damage in his passing through that land; 
but he has no right to prevent that man from fishing in that lake. And so 
universal has that custom become in the State of Maine that no attempt is 
made by private owners to control either lakes or streams. Wliere this works 
out to the advantage of the state and to the fish culturist is this, that the sym- 
pathy of the public is entirely with the fish culturist and with the whole system, in 
so far as no private ownership is allowed. I may say, Mr. Chairman, that it has 
been because of the wonderful success of Maine — the money that Maine has 
shown to exist in this system — that I myself have been successful in arousing 
an agitation in the Province of Ontario, and on account of always speaking and 
voting for holding the waters open to the public I have thereby received the 



FOURTH rSTERXATIOXAL FISHERY COXGRESS. 63 

svinpathy and support of the general public. And we find in Canada this, gen- 
tlemen, and I shall only take one moment to tell you so, that the greatest diffi- 
culty in the world exists in protecting the rights to the salmon river owners, 
because when we attempt to carr\- out the laws of the countr}- as to the placing 
and lifting of nets and so on in the mouths of the rivers, we feel that after all 
the public is against those actions by the state, on account of the streams being 
owned by private individuals. And I take it that on a broad principle, as far 
as game fishes go, it is undoubtedly best for the whole body pohtic, for the fish 
culturist, and for ever}body concerned to keep the waters absolutely open to 
the public. 

The Presidext. This has been a congress of young men. There is one young 
man here who is twice the age of some of us in years, but who has been identified 
with the subject of practical fish culture in America from its inception. He has 
been a friend of ever\- ichthyologist and even.- ichthyologist in America has 
to-day a feeling of intense devotion for him. The chair therefore feels that the 
concluding session of this congress should properly be turned over to Dr. 
Theodore X. Gill. [Great applause.] 

Dr. Theodore X. Gill (Washington, D. C, assuming the chairs Mr. 
President and gentlemen, in order to insure conciseness and to avoid digres- 
siveness, I have put m}^ thoughts in writing, and without further preface I 
will read a paper I have prepared embodying A Plea for Observation of the 
habits of fishes and Against Undue Generalization." 

[This paper, with discussion by Prof. E. E. Prince, Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, 
Dr. Hugh M. Smith, and the author, will be found on pages 1059-1069.] 

The AcTiXG Ch.\irmax. If there is no further discussion, the report of the 
committee on resolutions is now in order. Professor Prince is the chairman of 
that committee. Will Professor Prince give us the report ? 

Professor Prixce. It is unnecessan,- to say amthing about the work of this 
committee. I shall just read the resolutions; that is all that is necessar>'. The 
first resolution we had before us and which we now present to the congress is one 
which would express the views of the congress upon three important matters, 
and I shall just read word for word the resolutions, as we present them. I 
presume it is not necessan," to have separate action on each resolution. 

The Acting CH.\rRM.\x. The chair presumes that it is not necessan.- to act 
upon each of these resolutions separately. If there is no objection we shall 
consider them all together and act upon them at the end. 

Professor Prixce. I shall proceed to read them all, Mr. Chairman. 

[The resolutions were here read. See page 67.] 

The Acting Chairman. You have heard the resolutions with respect to the 
different matters. Have you an^-thing to say ? Have you any motion to make 
or any fiulher remarks? The resolutions as you have heard, gentlemen, are 
before you now for ratification. All in favor of these various resolutions will 



64 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

please signify by the usual manner, "Aye;" all opposed, "No." No objection 
being offered, the resolutions that you have heard have all been accepted. 

Professor Prince. I should say that there is still one addendvim, and that 
is in regard to the international condensed dictionary of technical terms, which 
Mr. Borodine, of Russia, has proposed. The congress has had this matter 
before it, and I need not read the somewhat lengthy resolutions wliich Doctor 
Borodine suggested to the congress, but the committee on resolutions were 
disposed to favor this proposal; and perhaps, Mr. Chairman, it might still 
be left to the congress to decide what to do with it. 

The Acting Chairman. You have heard the proposition of the gentleman, 
and the question is what shall be done with this — that is, whether, for example, 
it should be referred to the permanent commission or whether it should be acted 
upon immediately. A motion to that end is now in order. What is your 
pleasure, gentlemen? 

Doctor HoEK. I suggest the wisdom of laying the resolution in the hands 
of the permanent commission and not undertaking to reach a decision on it at 
present. 

[The motion was duly seconded.] 

The Acting Chairman. You have heard the motion by Doctor Hoek. It 
is proposed that this resolution should be referred to the permanent commission 
and that no action be taken by the congress for the present. All in favor of 
this motion will please signify by the affirmative sign; all opposed, "No." It 
is carried, and the resolution is so referred. 

It is suggested by the secretary that Professor Ward will present the paper 
bv Professor Reighard, for w'hich a prize has been awarded. 

Professor Prince. One moment. There is another resolution. 

The Acting Chairman. Doctor Prince will offer another resolution. 

Professor Prince. Doctor ^'inciguerra has just brought before the congress 
a resolution which had been referred to the committee — a resolution on the 
matter which was discussed at the international fisherj' congresses at St. 
Petersburg and Vienna, namely, an international commission on oceanography 
and exploration of the Mediterranean in the interest of fisheries. The scope 
of the resolution has been given by Doctor Mnciguerra, and the committee 
are favorable to that resolution. 

The Acting Chairman. If there is no demand for the reading of this resolu- 
tion, it will be considered as it has been enunciated. There apparently being no 
demand, the question is before the congress. All in favor of adopting this reso- 
lution will please signify in the affirmative; all opposed, "No." It is carried. 
We shall now proceed to the regular business. 

Prof. Henry B. Ward. I find myself in the agreeable position of being called 
upon to read a paper by my friend and colleague, Doctor Reighard. It would 
seem like cruelty to fishermen, if not to other animals, to inflict on you a long 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 65 

paper; consequently, although this is one that has been awarded a prize by the 
comniittee on awards, I shall take the liberty of cutting it in such fashion as to 
present the essential features and leave out the other matter which is not neces- 
sary^ to your comprehension at the present moment. I consequently pass over 
the introduction, which deals with the work of all previous investigators, includ- 
ing our chairman, Doctor Gill, and shall proceed at once to the second section of 
the paper, the general principles involved in the field study of fishes. Possibly I 
neglected to mention the exact title, "Methods of Studying the Habits and 
Recording the Life Histories of Fishes." 

[This paper, read in abstract, is printed in full on pages 1 1 1 i-i 136.] 
The Acting Ch.\irm.\x. The chair thanks Doctor Ward for the distinct and 
excellent rendition that he has made of Doctor Reighard's paper. The donor of 
the prize, assuming that the entire memoir is of the same character as the part 
read, thinks that the award was amply justified, and is ver\- much gratified that 
such an excellent paper has been produced. In respect to the species whose life 
histor}' has been recorded it would, however, be well, I think, if Professor 
Reighard would add that the same characteristics of nest building are manifest 
in the other species of the genus Semoiilus; that is, in Semotilus buUaris. It has 
been denied that Semotilus bullaris exercised this function of parental superv'ision. 
Doctor Abbott manv vears ago denied it in the most explicit manner, but recently 
a member of the Bureau of Fisheries, Doctor Kendall, has obser\'ed the habits, 
and has well illustrated it in a recent report published by the Bureau of Fish- 
eries, giving the details of his work in New Hampshire and Maine. 

The chair congratulates the congress upon the happy results of its meeting 
here, upon the excellent papers that have been presented, the harmonious rela- 
tions that have been established; and the meeting will now stand adjourned 
sine die. 

Thereupon, at 5.50 o'clock p. m., the congress took final adjournment. 

During the week following the adjournment 01 the congress a party of 
foreign and local delegates visited points of special interest in New York and 
New England in accordance with a prearranged programme. 

On September 28 Mr. Charles H. Townsend, director of the New York 
Aquarium, tendered a reception followed by a private view of the aquarium; 
Prof. H. Fairfield Osborn, president of the American Museum of Natural 
Histor}-, gave a reception and luncheon at the museum. 

The party was met at Fall River, Mass., on September 29 b)' Mr. Henr>- C. 
Rowe, president of the Connecticut Oyster Growers' Association, and taken in 
a steam oyster vessel to his private oyster gromids in Narragansett Bay, where 
there was given a demonstration of oyster dredging, gathering of starfish from 



66 BULLETIX OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

the oyster beds, etc. The delegates then proceeded to \\'ickford, R. I., and 
were received by the governor of Rhode Island and the members of the Rhode 
Island Commission of Inland Fisheries on the latter's houseboat Biophore, 
where luncheon was ser\-ed. The inspection of the lobster-rearing plant of 
the Rhode Island Commission, the main object of the visit, followed, after 
which the party proceeded to Newport for the night. 

On September 30 the United States fisheries steamer Fish Hawk took the 
delegates from Newport to Woods Hole, Mass., where the government marine 
fish hatcher}' and laboratory were inspected. 

In Boston on October i the delegates were the guests of the T WTiarf 
Association and the Boston Fish Bureau, being escorted in automobiles to the 
fish wharves, fish-packing establishments, Ouincy Market cold storage plant, 
and other points of interest. Hon. Curtis Guild, governor of Massachusetts, 
received and addressed the delegates at the statehouse. A complimentary 
luncheon was tendered b)- the fish merchants of Boston, and the delegates were 
there welcomed by the mayor of the city. At Hars'ard University President 
Eliot gave an informal reception and address, and the Museum of Comparative 
Zoolog}^ and other buildings were visited. In the evening the party were the 
guests of honor at a banquet provided by the fishery interests of Boston. 

October 2 and 3 were spent in Gloucester, Mass., where a committee of the 
board of trade and the Master Mariners' Association escorted the visitors to 
the fish wharves, fish-curing and fish-packing plants, and fish-glue works, and 
the marine hatchery of the United States Bureau of Fisheries in Gloucester 
Harbor was inspected. The excursion terminated mth a cruise on a mackerel 
schooner and a demonstration of purse-seine fishing, the boats being marmed 
and the seine operated by the masters of mackerel vessels. 



VIEWS AND RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE CONGRESS. 
GENERAL VIEWS. 

1 . The congress learns with pleasure that the long standing fishery dispute between 
Great Britain and the United States affecting waters on the northeast coast of North 
America is likely to be submitted to settlement by arbitration at an early date. 

2. We heartily commend the stand of the President of the United States in behalf 
of the conservation of natural resources, and congratulate him on the beneficial effects 
of his example and influence at home and abroad. 

3. The congress advocates the establishment, in all countries having important fish- 
eries, of national schools of fisheries and fish culture under government auspices. 

4. The congress strongly urges the necessity of simplifying fishery laws by the 
elimination of qualifying clauses which so often provide loopholes through which 
offenders escape penalties and waters continue without protection. 

5. In view of the injury to the fishing communities and the menace to the prosperity 
of important fishing industries on the Atlantic coast of the United States and Canada 
arising from the depredations of dogfish, especially of the spiny and smooth dogfishes, 
this congress favors uniform measures for the extermination or utilization of these 
injurious fishes in the contiguous waters referred to. 

VIEWS OF UNITED STATES DELEGATES. 

1. The condition at this time of the shad fishery in east coast streams forbodes ill 
for its future and demand energetic action on the part of the United States and Canadian 
provinces. We urge prompt action, especially with regard to interstate waters, that will 
so regulate fishing as definitely to insure the passage of a fair proportion of the run to the 
spawning grounds each season. A 10 per cent reduction in the catch at this time may 
prevent the ultimate destruction of a fishery worth $1 ,500,000 yearly. 

2. We heartily indorse the movement instituted by President Roosevelt for the 
conservation of our natural resources, and we pledge our official and personal support 
to measures for insuring the protection of our fishes and other aquatic creatures. 

3. Believing that the welfare of all of our most valuable river fisheries demands the 
preservation of natural conditions at the headwaters of streams, we favor and urge the 
formation of the Appalachian Forest Reserve and other simOar resen^es which embrace 
the watersheds of important streams. 

4. The convention between Great Britain and the United States under which the 
regulation and administration of the fisheries of the boundary waters of the United 
States and Canada will be undertaken by the respective federal governments marks an 
epoch in the history of our fisheries. We pledge our support to all measures that, after 
proper investigation, are found to be necessary for the preser\'ation of the fisheries of 
the waters in question. 

RESOLUTIONS. 

1 . That the thanks of the congress are due and are hereby tendered to the President 
of the United States, the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, and the authorities and 
citizens of the city of Washington for their cordial and effective support. 

2. That the thanks of the congress are offered to the Italian Fisheries Society for 
its cordial invitation to hold the next session in Rome in 191 1. 

67 



68 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

3. That the congress reaffirms the action of previous International Fishery Con- 
gresses in recommending an international exploration of the Mediterranean Sea in the 
interests of the fisheries. 

4. That the congress records its sincere appreciation of the inestimable services of 
Dr. H. C. Bumpus as president and of Dr. Hugh M. Smith as secretary general of the 
congress, their untiring devotion and constant courtesy as principal officers of the 
congress having contributed so much to its success. 

5. That thanks are freely extended to the following institutions for their generous 
entertainment and their contributions to the exhibits: The American Fisheries Society, 
the Blue Ridge Rod and Gun Club, the Alaska Packers' Association, the New England 
Forest, Fish, and Game Association, the National Geographic Society, the United States 
National Museum, and the United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

6. That the thanks of the congress be, and are hereby, extended to the donors of 
the various competitive awards. 

7. That the eflicient and painstaking work of the international committee of awards 
merits special recognition, and is heartily appreciated by the congress. 

8. That the proceedings of the congress be edited and published by the secretary 
general, who is authorized to incorporate in the volume of proceedings such papers as 
may have been received but which for lack of time or other reason may not have been 
formally brought before the congress. 

9. That the secretary general be, and he is hereby, authorized and requested to bring 
the various views and resolutions adopted by the congress to the attention of all persons 
concerned or interested therein. 



COMPETITIVE AWARDS. 

In connection with the Fourth International Fishery Congress, arrangements 
were made for the award of money prizes for the best or most important inves- 
tigations, discoveries, inventions, etc., relative to fisheries, aquiculture, ichthy- 
ology, fish pathology, and related subjects during the years 1906, 1907, and 1908. 
It was felt by the local management that, while the amounts of the individual 
prizes were not large, the conferring of the awards by so representative a body 
as the International Fishery Congress would induce many persons to compete 
and would result in much benefit to the fisheries and fish culture. In June, 1906, 
circulars announcing the subjects and conditions of the competition were issued 
in the English, French, and German languages and were extensively distributed. 
Several other circulars relating to the matter were sent out in 1907 and 1908. 

LIST OF AWARDS. 

1. By the American Fisheries Society: For a paper embodying the most im- 
portant original observations and investigations regarding the cause, treatment, and 
prevention of a disease affecting a species of fish under cultivation, $100. 

2. By the Americ.-^n Museum of Natur.'^l History, New York City: For an 
original paper describing and illustrating by specimens the best method of preparing 
fishes for museum and exhibition purposes, $100. 

3. By "Forest and vStream," New York City (Mr. George Bird Grinnell, editor): 
For the best paper giving description, history, and methods of administration of a water, 
or waters, stocked and preserved as a commercial enterprise, in which angling is open to 
the public on payment of a fee, $50. 

4. By the Museu.m of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, 
N. Y. (Mr. F. A. Lucas, curator in chief) : For the best paper setting forth a plan for 
an educational exhibit of fishes, the species and specimens that should be shown, the 
method of arrangement, and suggestions for making such an exhibit instructive and 
attractive, Sioo. 

5. By the New York Aquarium, under the management of the New York Zoolog- 
ical Society, New York City (:\Ir. Charles H. Townsend, director) : For an exposition of 
the best methods of combating fungus disease in fishes in captivity, $1 50. 

6. By the New York Botanical Garden, New York City (Dr. N. L. Britton, di- 
rector) : For the best essay on any interrelation between marine plants and animals, $100. 

7. By the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. : For the best essay or 
treatise on "International regulations of the fisheries on the high seas, their history, 
objects, and results," $200. 

8. By The Fisheries Company, Philadelphia, Pa. (Mr. Joseph Wharton, presi- 
dent) : For the best essay treating of the effects of fishing on the abundance and 
movements of surface-swimming fishes which go in schools, particularly the menhaden 

69 



70 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

and similar species, and the influence of such fishing on the fishes which may prey on 
such species, $250. 

9. By the United States Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. : For a report 
describing the most useful, new, and original principle, method, or apparatus to be 
employed in fish culture or in transporting live fishes (competition not open to em- 
ployees of the Bureau), S200. 

10. By the Wolverine Fish Company, Detroit, Mich.: For the best plan to pro- 
mote the whitefish production of the Great Lakes, $100. 

11. By Mr. Hayes Bigelow, Brattleboro, Vt., member of the American Fisheries 
Society: For the best demonstration, based on original investigations and experiments, 
of the'commercial possibilities of growing sponges from eggs or cuttings, $100. 

12. By Hon. George M. Bowers, United States Commissioner of Fisheries, Wash- 
ington, D. C: For the best demonstration of the efficacy of artificial propagation as 
applied to marine fishes, $100. 

13. By Dr. H. C. Bumpus, director of the American Museum of Natural History, 
New York City: For an original and practical method of lobster culture, 5ioo. 

14. By Mr. John K. ChEyney, Tarpon Springs, Fla., member of the American 
Fisheries Society: For the best presentation treating of the methods of the world's 
sponge fisheries, the influence of such methods on the supply of sponges, and the most 
effective means of conserving the sponges. 

15. By Prof. Theodore Gill, honorary associate in zoology, Smithsonian Insti- 
tution, Washington, D. C: For the best methods of obser\'ing the habits and recording 
the life histories of fishes, with an illustrative example, $100. 

16. By Dr. F. M. Johnson, Boston, Mass., member of the American Fisheries 
Society: For the best demonstration of the comparative value of different kinds of foods 
for use in rearing young salmonoids, taking into consideration cheapness, availability, 
and potentialitv, $150. 

17. By the New York Academy of Sciences, New York City (Dr. N. L. Britton, 
president) : For the contribution, not entered in competition for any other award, which 
shall be judged to have the greatest practical value to the fisheries or fish culture. 

18. Bv Messrs. Henry Holt & Co., publishers. New York City: For the best 
series of photographs, with brief descriptions, illustrating the capture of food or game 
fishes, $100. 

CONDITIONS GOVERNING COMPETITION. 

1. Any person, association, or company may compete for an}' of the awards. 

2. Each competitor shall, before July 15, 1908, notify the secretary-general of the 
congress as to the particular award for which he competes; and he shall duly qualify 
himself as a member of the congress. 

3. Each paper or exhibit ofifered in competition shall be in the custody of the 
secretary-general on the day of opening of the congress. 

4. Papers may be written in English, French, German, or Italian. 

5. Each device, apparatus, process, or method for which an award is asked shall be 
represented by a sample, a model, or an illustrated description; and each shall be accom- 
panied bv a complete statement of the points for which an award is asked. 

6. The congress reserves the right to publish, prior to their pubHcation elsewhere, 
anv papers or photographs submitted in competition, whether or not such papers or 
photographs receive awards: Provided, hmcever, That in the event of the congress having 
failed to pubHsh within six months after the session, an author will be at liberty to publish 
when and where he may elect. 

7. The papers, appliances, exhibits, etc., submitted in competition for awards %vill 
be examined by an international committee to be designated by the president of the 
International Fisherv Congress. 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 7 1 

8. The committee will determine the competitors who are entitled to awards, and 
the decisions of the committee will be final. 

9. The committee may call before it, in order to obtain additional information when 
desirable, persons who may have entered the competition and also other persons. 

10. The committee may, at its discretion, withhold the award in any case if in its 
judgment no sufficiently worthy competition is presented; and it may divide an award 
if there are two competitions that it deems of equal merit. 

1 1 . The committee will make its report to the congress not later than the day pre- 
ceding final adjournment. 

12. The awards will be announced at a session of the congress, and each award will 
be accompanied by a special certificate or diploma suitably inscribed and bearing the 
signatures of the officers of the congress. 

INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE ON AWARDS. 

At the opening session of the congress, the president appointed an international 
committee on awards, consisting of eighteen members who were not competitors. The 
committee, divided into five subcommittees to deal with the various groups of awards, 
consisted of the following, of whom Dr. E. A. Birge was chosen as general chairman: 

For prizes numbered 3, 7, and 8 — Dr. Oscar Nordqvist, chairman; Dr. Theo. S. 
Palmer, Maj. Richard Sylvester, Dr. Barton W. Evermann, Dr. W. S. Harban. 

For prizes numbered i, 5, 6, 11, 14, and 15 — Dr. Decio Vinciguerra, chairman; 
Dr. E. A. Birge, Dr. F. B. Sumner, Dr. T. Kitahara. 

For prize numbered 17 — Dr. H. von Kadich, chairman; Dr. Henry B. Ward, 
Dr. Robert E. Coker. 

For prizes numbered 9, 10, 12, 13, and 16 — Dr. P. C. C. Hoek, chairman, Mr. W. E. 
Meehan, Mr. J. W. Titcomb. 

For prizes numbered 2, 4, and 18 — Dr. Gregoire Antipa, chairman; Dr. S. E. Meek, 
Dr. F. W. True. 

THE AWARDS CONFERRED. 

About 50 papers and exhibits were submitted in competition, many of which were 
of high value and embodied the results of painstaking research and experiment. The 
committee adopted the following rules for their guidance: 

1 . No prize shall be awarded except for a paper of exceptional value. Such paper 
should contain the results of an unusually thorough and complete investigation, or 
should announce an important new discovery or method. 

2. It is not expedient to award less than a full prize to a single paper, although, 
following the general rules, a prize may be divided between papers of equal merit. 

3. In case no award of a prize be given, the committee recommend that the donor 
be requested to allow the prize to remain open for competition at the next International 
Fishery Congress. 

The committee reported their findings on September 25, and unanimously made 
the following awards : 

No. 2 : To Mr. Dwight Franklin, New York City. 

No. 4: To Mr. Frederic A. Lucas, Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and 
Sciences, New York City, and Mr. Roy \V. Miner, American ^Museum of Natural History, 
New York City (division of prize). 

No. 7: To Mr. Charles H. Stevenson, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. 

No. 9: To Dr. A. D. Mead, Brown University, Providence, R. I. 

No. 10: To Mr. Paul Reighard, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 

No. 11: To Dr. Henry F. Moore, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. 

No. 13: To Dr. A. D. ilead, Brown University, Providence, R. I. 

No. 14: To Dr. Henry F. Moore, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. 



72 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

No. 15: To Prof. Jacob Reighard, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 

No. 16: To Mr. Charles G. Atkins, U. vS. Fisheries Station, Craig Brook, Me. 

No. 17: To Mr. John I. Solomon, New York City. 

The committee recommended that no awards be made in the case of prizes num- 
bered I, 3, 5, 6, 8, 12, and i8. For one of these there was no competition and for the 
others the papers or exhibits were regarded either as not of sufficient merit or as not 
strictly within the terms of the award. 

In recognition of his papers on the sponge fisheries, and his most praiseworthy 
efforts on behalf of the sponge fishermen, Mr. Charles Flegel, member of the Imperial 
Austrian Fishery Society, was awarded a special cash prize of $50 by the officers of the 



PERMANENT COMMISSION OF THE INTERNATIONAL HSHERY 
CONGRESSES. 

A meeting of the Permanent Commission of the International Fishery Congresses 
was held at Washington, D. C, on September 23, 1908, in connection with the Fourth 
International Fishery Congress. The meeting was called to order by the ex-officio 
chairman, Dr. Hermon C. Bumpus, president of the congress; and the following mem- 
bers were in attendance: Dr. Heinrich von Kadich, representing Austria; Prof. Decio 
Vinciguerra, representing Italy; Prof. Gregoire Antipa, representing Roumania; Dr. 
Oscar Fritiof Nordqvist, representing Sweden; Dr. Hugh M. Smith, representing the 
United States of America. 

With the approval of the meeting, the representatives from various other countries 
were invited to be present, and the following were in attendance: Lieut. Radler de 
Aquino, representing Brazil; Mr. O. T. Olsen, representing Great Britain; Dr. Walther 
Naumann, representing Germany; Dr. Ramon Bengoechea, representing Guatemala; 
Chevaher Guido Rossati, representing Italy; Hon. Jose F. Godoy, representing Mexico. 

Prof. Decio Vinciguerra presented a letter from the president of the Italian Fishery 
Society, extending on behalf of the society a very cordial invitation to hold the next con- 
gress at Rome in 191 1, on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of Italian unity. An 
invitation having the same purport was likewise received from the mayor of Rome. 
After Professor Vinciguerra had seconded the invitation, the commission voted unani- 
mously to accept it, and agreed to report their action to the congress for ratification. 

Dr. Walther Naumann announced that at the next congress an invitation to hold the 
Sixth Congress in Germany would be formally presented. 

A proposition from Mr. Nicholas Borodine, of Russia, for an international dictionary 
of fishing and fish-cultural terms in twelve languages was indorsed, and the secretary was 
directed to bring the matter to the attention of the congress with a favorable recommen- 
dation to the committee on resolutions. 

Professor Vinciguerra proposed that at the next congress a scheme should be sub- 
mitted for imposing more important duties and responsibilities on the Permanent Cora- 
mission of International Fishery Congresses than have heretofore been assumed. On 
motion, duly seconded, a committee of three was appointed to consider this matter 
and report at the next congress, the committee consisting of Professor \'inciguerra 
(chairman). Dr. P. P. C. Hoek, of Holland, and Prof. Bruno Hofer, of Germany. 

The meeting then adjourned. 

Hugh M. Smith, Secretary. 



PUBUSHED WORKS PRESENTED BEFORE THE CONGRESS. 

Bellini. A. 

Experiences sur I'elevage de I'anguille en stabulation a Commachio. Extrait du 
Bulletin de la Societe centrale d'Aquiculture et de Peche, 1907, Paris. Accompanied 
by reviews of the article (i) by E. Tiessen in Deutsche Fischerei-Correspondenz, April, 
190S; (2) by Seligo, in separate from Deutsche Fischerei-Zeitung, Stettin; (3) by 
"H. R." in Allgemeine Fischerei-Zeitung. no. 3, 1908; and (4) by E. E. Leonhardt in 
Fischerei-Zeitung, December 21, 1907, Neudamm. 

Bes.\na, G. 

Ueber Kies- und Plattenerbriitung. Separat-Abdruck aus Nr. 13, Jg. 1908, Allge- 
meinen Fischerei-Zeitung. 

Abnorme sviluppo di alghe nel Lago di Como dannegiante la pesca. Estratte 
dalla Ri\'ista niensile di Pesca, anno x, n. 1-2. 1908. 

Clodi, Eduard. 

Anleitung zur kiinstlichen Fischzucht und Teichwirtschaft, zum Selbstunterricht 
sovvie fiir Lehrer und Teilnehmer an Fischerei-Kursen. Berlin, 190S. 

D.ANNEVIG, G. M. 

Bor Udlaekningsarbeidet ud\ades og ogsaa omfatte \'estkystens Fjorde? Flodevig, 
July, 1 90S. 

HoFER, Bruno. 

Atlas der Siisswasserfische von Mitteleuropa. Containing 31 colored plates. 
Text to be completed after October i, 1908, comprising 600 pages large folio, with 300 
illustrations. 

Studien iiber die Hautsinnesorgane der Fische. I. Teil, Die Funktion der Seitenor- 
gane bei den Fischen. Sonderabdruck a. d. Berichten der K. Bayer. Biologischen \'er- 
suchsstation in Miinchen, bd. i. Stuttgart, 1907. 

Berichte aus der Kgl. Bayerischen Biologischen ^'ersuchsstation in Miinchen, 
bd. I. Stuttgart, 1908. 

Handbuch der Fischkrankheiten. 2. unveranderte Auflage. Stuttgart, 1906. 

KuN'z, George Frederick, and Stevenson, Charles Hugh. 

The book of the pearl: The history, art, science, and industry cf the queen of 
gems. With numerous plates, colored and black and white. Century Company, New 
York City. 1908. 

Miranda Ribeiro, Alipio de. 

Fauna Braziliense, Peixes, I and II. Extrahido do xn- volume dos Archivos do 
Museu Nacional. 1907. 

MoREiRA, Carlos. 

Crustaceos. Campanhas de Pesca do "Annie." Rio de Janeiro, 1906. 



FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONGRESS. 75 

Nicholson, F. A. 

Note on fisheries in Japan. Madras, 1907. 
ReiTzenstein von. 

Untersuchungen uber die Lebensfahigkeit der mit dem Grundschleppnetz gefangenen 
Schollen in den Jahren 1906-1907. Sonderabdruck aus die Beteiligung Deutschlands 
anderinternationalen Meeresforschung, Jahresbericht iv-v. Berlin, 1908. 

Smith, Hugh M. 

The fishes of North Carolina. North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, 
vol. II. Raleigh, 1907. 

periodicals and government reports. 

Projecto de Regulamenta<;ao da Pesca. Rio de Janeiro, 1904. 

Archives do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, vol. xi, xii, xiii, and xiv. 

(Dominion) British Columbia Fisheries Commission 1 905-1 907. Report and recom- 
mendations, with addenda and appendices. Ottawa, 1908. 

Georgian Bay Fisheries Commission 1905- 1908. Report and recommendations, 
with appendices. Ottawa, 1908. 

Further contributions to Canadian biology, being studies from the Marine Biological 
Station of Canada, 1902-1906. Thirty-ninth Annual Report of the Department of 
Marine and Fisheries, Fisheries Branch. Ottawa, 1907. 

Office International de Documentation pour la Peche, Publication no. i, 1908, Pro- 
gramme, Organisation, Services. Brussels. 

Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, bd. i, hft. 
1-3, 1908. Leipzig. (Unter Mitwirkung von Albert Fiirst von Monaco, Alexander 
Agassiz, Carl Chun, F. A. Forel, Viktor Hensen, Richard Hertwig, Sir John Murray, 
Fritjof Nansen, Otto Pettersson, Aug. Weismann.) 

The Fishing Gazette, 1907. New York. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




